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PL
The article describes the newer works devoted to the occupation of Polish lands, especially of Warsaw during World War I. Recently, this subject, so far neglected, has drown the attention of numerous scientists, both from Poland and from abroad. Their point of view is different not only from the older perspectives, but also from the perspectives of slightly newer works on the other occupied areas and emphasizing the connection between the experience of the Great War and genocide during World War II. In the most precious fragments, the new historiography gives a very wide image of social life, in which the proper place is taken by previously marginalised social groups. Differently from the older works, the policy of the occupants on the Polish lands is not treated only as a unilateral dictate, but rather as a dynamic process of negotiation, in which the strength and position of each of the (many) sides has been changed. And, this change is accompanied by the new arrangements concerning almost all aspects of the German policy and the conditions of living during World War I.
PL
The article discusses the issue of the political involvement of people of science and culture in Central and Eastern Europe during World War I and in the immediate aftermath. In comparison with the phenomenon of the “war of the spirits” known in the historiography, so far observed mainly in France, Germany and Great Britain, the regional variation of this phenomenon was characterized by a greater informational value and a stronger relationship between journalistic writing and professional science. In particular, the representatives of such disciplines as physical (racial) anthropology and geography in the service of their national movements and governments engaged the whole arsenal of scientific means of persuasion: they used the language of a particular science, created coherent and logical, formally correct theories, argued, while maintaining the appropriate forms, with ideological opponents. These features of the discourse, among other things, contributed to the viability of their scientific theories from World War I, which – unlike analogous creations of Western European luminaries of art and science – still retain the right to exist in a professional academic and journalistic communities in Central and Eastern Europe.
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