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Around the theory of errors

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EN
The aims of the theory of errors and its relations with statistics are described. The term true value of a constant and the subjective approach in the error theory and statistics are explained and illustrated and a hint at the emergence of a new theory of errors is provided.
EN
Keynes was a versatile scholar and his reviewed work is widely known. Bortkiewicz notes that it was mainly concerned with the logical foundation of probability and methodology of statistical judgement. Keynes paid significant attention to the principle of indifference, unmeasurable probabilities, and to contrasting calculations with circumstances. In his paper he reproached Bortkiewicz for the estimation of precision in statistics (Bortkiewicz did not comment) and criticized both his manner of writing and his law of small numbers.
XX
W. Lexis founded the continental direction of statistics which the Biometric school largely ignored. Bortkiewicz described his work but mostly without providing exact references. He criticized Lexis for paying too much attention to philosophical problems but mentioned Lexis’ merits: a test for the stability of statistical series (only much later rejected by Chuprov), the study of mortality and sex ratio at birth; the application of the law of large numbers. Lexis, as Bortkiewicz concluded, essentially contributed to the general theory of statistics.
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Kepler as a statistician

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Drawing on my previous publications (see Bibliography), I describe Kepler’s work on the mathematical treatment of observations and astrology. In particular, I investigate how he rejected the Ptolemaic system of the world and note that his astrology had the features of qualitative correlation.
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