Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienie macierzyństwa kobiet z niepełnosprawnościami, rozumianego zarówno jako indywidualne doświadczenie, jak również jako konstrukt społeczny. Na podstawie wywiadów biograficznych oraz warsztatów autorki wskazują na najważniejsze czynniki kształtujące prawa reprodukcyjne kobiet z niepełnosprawnościami wzroku, słuchu oraz ruchu. Poruszone zostają zagadnienia takie jak: tabuizacja seksualności, bariery w dostępie do opieki ginekologicznej, brak adekwatnej edukacji seksualnej, a także często negatywna ocena możliwości pełnienia roli matki, dylematy związane z możliwością dziedziczenia niepełnosprawności czy zapewnienia odpowiedniej opieki dziecku. Pokazany zostanie wpływ uwarunkowań społeczno-ekonomicznych na możliwość pełnienia roli matki. Tekst kończy się próbą odpowiedzi na pytania o nowy model macierzyństwa kobiet z niepełnosprawnościami.
EN
The article presents the problem of motherhood of women with disabilities understood both as an individual experience and as a social construct. Based on biographical interviews and on the workshop material the authors indicate the most important factors in the sphere of reproductive rights of women with vision and hearing impairments as well as physical disabilities. The article discusses tabuization of sexuality, barriers of access to gynecological care, lack of adequate sexual education as well as frequently negative assessment of the ability to perform as a mother, dilemmas regarding the possibility of genetically transmitting the disability and providing the child with appropriate care. The impact of socioeconomic conditions on the possibility to perform the role of a mother is also demonstrated. The text concludes with a tentative answer to the question regarding a new model of motherhood of women with disabilities.
The article aims to describe and analyse the opinions of European physicists as to the reasons for the overrepresentation of men in the discipline, as well as to supply some reflections on the barriers encountered by female physicists in their careers. The article is based on qualitative data – 83 in-depth interviews with female and male physicists – collected in 2016 and 2017 under the framework of the project “Gender Equality Network in European Research Area” (GENERA). The main reasons voiced by interviewees for the gender imbalance in physics are to be found ‘outside’ the scientific institutions themselves, namely the early processes of the socialisation of girls and boys, together with existing gender stereotypes. Other reasons are related to recent developments in academia linked to work organization and structural conditions – precariousness, competitiveness, and the demand for mobility, but also to a masculinised working culture resulting in gender bias, as well as microaggressions and discrimination. In relation to recent studies showing that awareness of gender (in)equalities remains of crucial importance for structural/institutional change, the article reflects on the potential implications of the perception by physicists of the determinants of gender inequality for the implementation of gender equality policy in research organisations.