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Discovery of new Iron Age groove-type features from Michałowice in 2010. A geophysical case study

100%
Wroniecki P.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2012
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vol. 4
161-170
EN
The archaeological site in Michałowice is located in south-eastern Poland within the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Czarnocin commune. It is thus far the only known site with over a dozen excavated groove-type burials attributed to the Roman Iron Age of the Przeworsk Culture.In 2010 a small geophysical test survey was commissioned encompassing an area of 50×30m. Amongst the many geophysical techniques available for such an investigation, the magnetic method was chosen. The aim of the survey was first of all to test whether the local archaeological features that were assumed to exist within the site, such as groove-type square burial enclosures, urn graves and possible settlement pits or even anthropogenic sediments, would generate a clear, interpretable geophysical anomaly. For this purpose a Bartington Grad601-Dual fluxgate gradiometer was used. Data was collected in parallel traverses with 1×0.12m sampling and within one 30×30m and one 20×30m grid. The systematic analysis and mapping of the anomalies registered with magnetic prospecting confirmed the presence of buried archaeological structures, revealing new details of the Michałowice sepulchral complex. Although the study area was relatively small, the amount of new information acquired from the survey was overwhelming. What came as a surprise is that all of these anomalies were located in an area presumed to be a peripheral part of the archaeological site. Thanks to the experiences of the 2010 survey, the capabilities of the magnetic method on this specific site have been thoroughly investigated and evaluated positively. For now, a basic modus operandi for interpreting magnetic data for Michałowice has been created, which hopefully will serve as a roadmap or reference for future integrated non-invasive approaches in the region.
2
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Biskupin... i co z tego? Wiedza totalna w kontekście rozwoju prospekcji

100%
Wroniecki P.
Studia Lednickie
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2020
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vol. 19
59-80
PL
Over the past two decades, archaeologists have been steadily opening up with regards to the use of metal detectors. However, there is still debate about who, when, where and on what terms should they be allowed to be used. Reflecting on this issue, it is impossible to resist the impression that this problem is only one of many symptoms of a certain unfinished, broader discussion about approaches to recognising archaeological monuments. In this process the use of metal detectors already has an established role. The methodology of their application has been refined over years of practice and adapted to the nuances of archaeological fieldwork. So, when looking for a place for detectors in archaeological research, we are really discussing the role of metal detectors as one of the methods in the holistic archaeological cognitive process known as archeological prospection. In practice archaeological prospection involves a search and documentation procedure that is based on the overarching principle of the application of various imperfect methods that complement each other. In the context of prospection in Poland, the currently dominant and common archaeological documentation is based on single method recognition, namely field-walking, as part of the Archaeological Picture of Poland (AZP) programme. Although the creators of the AZP themselves were aware of its imperfections and limitations, currently the perception of this documentation has undergone a severe primitisization. From my perspective the problem around AZP is the uncritical use of this data. For example, it was somehow forgotten that what was marked in the AZP records are not de facto “archaeological sites”, but a positive record of places where it was possible to observe finds on the surface (mostly pottery and flint), thus leading to an extremely biased and incomplete record. The incomplete recognition of archaeological monuments has a number of consequences that are difficult to accept. They are worsened by the fact that the effect of the single method AZP has customarily become the official record of monuments. Something that was inherently incomplete became the “objective” foundation for administrative decisions. This is manifested, for example, by accidental – costly – discoveries or, the even more harmful, complete omission and destruction of monuments during various construction investments. The problem of knowledge based on one method and competing specialisations does not only apply to archaeology. This phenomenon has been described by V. Frankl, an Austrian philosopher, who noticed the harmful effects of the fragmentary view of specialists on human nature. Thus the key problem is not that we have not yet decided which method is the best, but the view that only one method is appropriate. As long as archaeologists believe that all potential knowledge can be acquired through one ideal method, it will be difficult to take a step forward. We are stuck in an unsolvable and idle dispute. AZP, excavations, metal detectors or geophysics, are just one of many ways to explore the past elements of a larger whole in which archaeological prospection plays a fundamental role.
3
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Erased by the Plough, Spotted from the Air. Remains of Earthwork Sites from Silesia

63%
Furmanek M., Wroniecki P.
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
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2017
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vol. 12
199-220
EN
Since 2012 south-western Poland has been subject to regular aerial prospection campaigns that covered a vast area of the Upper Silesian, Lower Silesian and Opole regions. Eight surveys were conducted in with a total of 44 flight hours during late spring and summer dates. Their primary aim was the recognition of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age communities and landscapes. Additional photographic documentation of known and newly discovered features from other chronological periods was also obtained. The article presents a selection of data from five medieval settlements (Borucin site 2, Chrzelice site 1, Gniechowice site 1, Komorno site 1, Stary Zamek site 6), whose common feature is their nearly completely leveled earthworks, which makes the presented aerial imagery a basic source of information about them. The potential of remote sensing approaches in the case of quickly deteriorating archeological terrain forms, although not used frequently, has numerous advantages especially in contrary to the still favoured destructive excavation strategies. A visible intensification of archeological site destruction due to all-round development of urban and rural areas has affected all types of archeological sites – also those characterized (until relatively recently) by unique and complex earthwork remains. This situation requires an adaptation of new protection strategies, as well as alternative cognitive and methodical schemes. The case studies presented in this paper are a final wakeup call showcasing the scale of the ongoing, countrywide, systematic destruction of important yet unknown or poorly researched archeological sites. The remedy in our opinion is the recognition of non-invasive remote sensing and geophysical techniques as primary research methods as they allow defining crucial elements, such as form, size, layout, or functional interpretation.
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Relikty osadnictwa z okresu rzymskiego na stanowisku 2 w Ostrowitem (gm. i pow. Chojnice, woj. pomorskie). Aspekty przestrzenne i chronologia niezależna

51%
Sikora J., Kittel P., Wroniecki P.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2018
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vol. Tom XXVII
s. 209-241
EN
During the research on settlement complex in Ostrowite, located in the southern part of Eastern Pomerania, about 8 km south-east of Chojnice, on Lake Ostrowite, a number of archaeological sites have been identified which belong to the following settlement phases: • Site 1 (AZP 26-34/2), i.e. traces of prehistoric and medieval settlement on the island of the lake. • Site 2 (AZP 26-34/3) located on the east shore of the lake. On the surface of approximately 27 ha, following remains were registered: 1) Neolithic settlement associated with the Linear Pottery culture; 2) settlement and small cremation burial ground associated with the Wielka Wieś phase of the Pomeranian culture; 3) large production settlement of the Wielbark culture from the Roman period and probably the Migration period, including a single ‘princely’ grave; and 4) vast settlement complex with inhumation burial ground from the period between the mid-11th to late 13th and early 14th centuries. • Site 3 (AZP 26-34/6) - relics of two medieval bridges preserved at the bottom of the lake. • Sites 5 and 6 (AZP 26-34/7, 8), i.e. recognised only on the surface traces of prehistoric, medieval and post-medieval settlement on the south and south-east shore of the lake. Archaeological research, carried out since 2000 by the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Lodz under the leadership of K. Walenta, and since 2008 J. Sikora is focused on the area of site 2. In its course about 650 compact archaeological features were excavated. The paper focuses on the presentation of the results of radiocarbon and thermoluminescence analyses carried out on samples related to features from the Roman period.
PL
W trakcie badań zespołu osadniczego w Ostrowitem, położonego w południowej części Pomorza Wschodniego, około 8 km na południowy wschód od Chojnic, nad Jeziorem Ostrowite, zidentyfikowano szereg stanowisk archeologicznych, przynależnych do kolejnych faz osadniczych:  Stanowisko 1 (AZP 26-34/2), czyli ślady osadnictwa pradziejowego i średniowiecznego na wyspie jeziora.  Stanowisko 2 (AZP 26-34/3) położone na wschodnim brzegu jeziora. Na powierzchni około 27 ha zarejestrowano relikty: 1) osadnictwa neolitycznego, związanego z kulturą ceramiki wstęgowej rytej; 2) osady i niewielkiego cmentarzyska ciałopalnego związanego z fazą wielkowiejską kultury pomorskiej; 3) dużej osady produkcyjnej ludności kultury wielbarskiej z okresu rzymskiego i zapewne okresu wędrówek ludów, w tym pojedynczy grób „książęcy” oraz 4) rozległego kompleksu osadniczego z cmentarzyskiem szkieletowym z okresu między połową XI a schyłkiem XIII i początkiem XIV wieku.  Stanowisko 3 (AZP 26-34/6) - relikty dwóch mostów średniowiecznych zachowanych w dnie jeziora.  Stanowiska 5 i 6 (AZP 26-34/7, 8), czyli rozpoznane jedynie powierzchniowo ślady osadnictwa pradziejowego, średniowiecznego i nowożytnego na południowym i południowo-wschodnim brzegu jeziora. Badania archeologiczne, realizowane od 2000 roku przez Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego pod kierownictwem K. Walenty, zaś od 2008 r. J. Sikory koncentrują się na obszarze stanowiska 2. W ich trakcie wyeksplorowano około 650 zwartych obiektów archeologicznych. Artykuł skupia się na prezentacji wyników analiz radiowęglowych i termoluminescencyjnych przeprowadzonych na próbkach związanych z obiektami z okresu rzymskiego. Datowaniu poddano próbki pochodzące z obiektów interpretowanych jako piece wapiennicze (obiekty nr 286 i 409), związane najpewniej z nimi czworoboczne paleniska (obiekty nr 171, 287, 359, 371), palenisko owalne, jedno z serii podobnych obiektów zarejestrowanych zarówno metodą wykopaliskową, jak i podczas badań geofizycznych (obiekt nr 297), jamę o nieznanym przeznaczeniu (nr 305) oraz fragmenty zalegające w wypełnisku obiektu średniowiecznego z XII w., interpretowanego jako fosa niewielkiego założenia obronnego. W ostatnim przypadku węgle drzewne z okresu rzymskiego stanowiły materiał wtórny, o charakterze rezydualnym. Datowaniu metodą termoluminescencyjną poddano próbkę pochodzącą z pieca kopułowego (obiekt nr 100). Uzyskane daty po kalibracji zawierały się w ramach I-VI wieku naszej ery. Uzyskane daty poddano dalszej analizie korzystając z analizy statystycznej Bayesa. Wydzielono dwie fazy rozwoju osadnictwa w okresie rzymskim, a modelowanie Bayesa pozwoliło na uściślenie pierwotnie dość szerokich datowań radiowęglowych. Początek pierwszej fazy należy więc z prawdopodobieństwem 68,2% odnosić do lat między 4 a 101 AD. Przejście od fazy I do II należy odnosić do lat między 75 a 212 AD (prawdopodobieństwo 68,2%). Schyłek osadnictwa należy umieszczać w okresie między 273 a 597 AD (z tym samym prawdopodobieństwem). Tradycyjna analiza materiałów archeologicznych pozyskanych w trakcie wykopalisk została przeprowadzona przez S. Borowicz, która ustaliła ich chronologię na fazę B2/C1 okresu rzymskiego, a więc okresem między połową II do pierwszych dziesięcioleci III w. naszej ery. Datowanie radiowęglowe wskazuje na możliwość korekty tego datowania. Pozwala odnosić początki tego osadnictwa do I wieku. Pozwala także widzieć schyłek jej funkcjonowania w III, a nawet w IV lub wręcz w początkach V wieku naszej ery. Tak długie trwanie osady potwierdzają pojedyncze znaleziska: m.in.: moneta cesarza Maksymiana, panującego w latach 286-305 AD oraz zapinka z romboidalną nóżką. Analiza przestrzenna obiektów związanych z okresem rzymskim pozwoliło także na wysunięcie wniosków dotyczących struktury przestrzennej osady. Ustalono, że jej rdzeń stanowiły mieszkalne obiekty, w tym duży, trójnawowy obiekt słupowy, odkryty w centralnej części stanowiska, w szczytowej partii wyniesienia. W jego otoczeniu zarejestrowano jamy o charakterze osadniczym oraz piece wapiennicze i paleniska czworoboczne. W większej odległości, na wschodnim stoku wyniesienia zarejestrowano zwarty zespół kilkudziesięciu palenisk, związanych zapewne z działalnością gospodarczą. Czytelna jest więc tendencja do utrzymywania wyraźnych stref związanych z różnymi formami aktywności: mieszkalnej, produkcyjnej i innej gospodarczej. Dotychczasowe badania wskazują na istnienie nad Jeziorem Ostrowite stabilnego centrum osadniczego o wyraźnie zaplanowanej strukturze, funkcjonującego przez kilka stuleci. Wydaje się, że różne formy produkcji o charakterze wyspecjalizowanego rzemiosła (w tym wypał wapna, produkcja żelaza, a także najpewniej garncarstwo) były obok zajęć rolniczych, podstawą gospodarki społeczności, która zamieszkiwała ten obszar. Stabilność osadnictwa zapewniało dobre dopasowanie podstaw gospodarczych do dostępnych walorów środowiskowych obszaru.
5
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Knowing Without Digging? Non-invasive Research of the Krzczonów Earthwork and its Surroundings

51%
Wroniecki P., Brejcha R., Sikora J.
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
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2017
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vol. 12
177–198
EN
The topic of this paper is a non-invasive research case study of a protected monument mound in Krzczonów, Świętokrzyskie voivodeship in Lesser Poland. It explores the possibilities of noninvasive methodological approaches in the recognition of archaeological sources by asking whether it is possible to procure relevant information without conducting excavations. A new interpretation of the mound’s function and chronology is based on data derived from multimethod field surveys including remote sensing (satellite imagery, UAV, light aircraft, ALS), geophysical (magnetic gradiometry, earth resistance), total station measurements and analytical field walking prospection along with comparison of archival field-walking data. We would like to hypothesize that, contrary to the protected monument list, the Krzczonów earthwork is not a prehistoric feature but could be related to the end of 14th up to the beginning of the 16th century. In this case it could be understood as a remnant of a motte-type castle
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