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EN
A vow is a ceremonial oath, by which a person taking the offi ce pledges to abide by the social and national values named therein. In most cases, an oath may be taken with the additional sentence “So help me God”. It constitutes a specifi c part of the oath, as it is not obligatory, but refers to the sphere of religion, which in the modern states — including Poland — is separated from the sphere of state. The discussed words are one of the forms of expressing religious beliefs by public officials, serving to strengthen the state order with the values they represent. Of importance are regulations of the rights of churches and other religious organizations. The example of canon law in the Catholic Church proves that a reference to one’s own feelings and religious values does not result in the Church’s legal interference in the performance of state tasks, as canon law emphasizes primarily the moral dimension of the obligation to fulfil the pledged obligations, while the criminal law consequences under canon law are borne only by an oath made before a church offi cial and an oath the violation of which would cause general indignation.
PL
Zasadą, która wyznacza charakter administracji publicznej w Polsce jest zasada decentralizacji. Zgodnie z nią większość zadań administracji publicznej powinna być przekazywana na szczebel lokalny, któremu nada się samodzielność w wykonywaniu zadań publicznych. Zasada ta jest wprost wyrażona w art. 15 ust. 1 Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 r. (dalej: Konstytucja RP), lecz nabiera ona szczególnego znaczenia, kiedy weźmie się pod uwagę fakt, że w art. 163 Konstytucji RP zawarto domniemanie kompetencji w zakresie wykonywania zadań publicznych dla samorządu terytorialnego. Samorząd terytorialny (na każdym szczeblu) jest korporacją prawa publicznego, która obligatoryjnie zrzesza mieszkańców. Oznacza to, że istotą decentralizacji administracji publicznej jest przybliżenie i podporządkowanie administracji obywatelom, które może być ograniczane tylko potrzebą ochrony dobra wspólnego i udzielaniem pomocy poszczególnym jednostkom. (…)
EN
Land use planning is one of main the public tasks performed at the level of local government. This process is comprehensively regulated by the polish law in the Spatial Planning and Land Use Act of 27th March 2003. It determines which entities are involved in the procedure of land use planning. What seems to be controversial in this area is the possibility of including organs of communal auxilliary units into the process of spatial planning. The judgements of polish provincial administrative courts and administrative supervisory organs definitely show that public authorities can act only on the basis of law, and therefore that the participation of any administrative organ in this process must have a clear statutory basis. The Spatial Planning and Land Use Act does not contain any relevant regulation in this area. On the other hand, a teleological and functional interpretation of this law could indicate that local auxiliary units – which are formal unions of the inhabitants of these units, without legal personality, but largely having a social character – do not need to have a clear legal basis to take part in the land use planning process because they represent a form of social participation, allowing citizens to express their opinion on the development of their immediate surroundings. This cannot be seen as a performance of public duties with the use of administrative governance
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