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EN
A brilliant jurist from Provence, lawyer at the Aix Parliament, Portalis was one of the opponents of the Revolution. An outstanding orator, expert of Roman and canon law, philosopher. A man to whom Napoleon entrusted two monumental works simultaneously – the drawing up of the Civil Code, which was to define the foundations of the new society, and the drafting up of the concordat principles for the co-existence of State and religion. He is widely recognized as the master architect of one of the most famous mainstays of law – he criticised the positivist approach which placed the legal acts on an inviolable pedestal. He held a deep desire for the state of law, and his entire life centered on the law.
EN
This article is devoted to the life and views of Raymond Saleilles, whose output is still practically unknown in Poland. Even though the predicates of his anti-positivist concepts are regarded to have lain the foundations for the school of free scientific research, he is not as widely recognized as François Gény, whom he certainly inspired. Although Raymond Saleilles considered himself primarily a civilist, he left an enormous and diverse legacy regarding many branches of law; this legacy, marginalized for many years, has been recently receiving much attention, not only in France, as his various views, such as the postulate of a vertical and horizontal perspective in comparative law studies, are of universal value.
EN
The public prosecutor, unknown in the legal system in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, appeared in Polish law as a result of the reception in the Duchy of Warsaw of the French legislation (e.g. the French Code of civil procedure (1806) and the principles of the court structure). The authors of this paper try to show an outline of the history of the prosecutor in the Duchy of Warsaw (1807—1815) and underline the individual stages of the implementation process of the French codes of the Napoleon’s Era and number of other laws that pertain to the functioning of the office in the domestic legal system. The legislation said that prosecutor should have remained unaffected by individual interests and the use of prosecutorial discretion should have been exercised independently. Undoubtedly, the hierarchical organization of the office and reporting to the minister of justice was not intended to foster better realization of these attributes. The characteristics of the office were exhaustively enumerated in the civil procedure. The prosecutor could not lodge an appeal in any case in the first instance. In the Duchy of Warsaw, there was not introduced a French penal code (Code penal 1810), which met with strong opposition on the polish ground where it was thought to be reactionary. Consequently, the role of the prosecutor in the criminal procedure was limited due to the existence of the inquisitorial principles in trial. The article also shows that the process of adoption of the French model of the public prosecutor tackled a huge range of hurdles, but, wherefore, it was the first step to the implementation of the modern system in the domestic basis of law. This statement seems to be confirmed by the actions made during the next century of the existence of the Kingdom of Poland.
EN
The article focuses on the issue of personal jurisdiction of commercial tribunals in selected judgements issued by the Appellate Court of the Free City of Krakow. Considering the fact that court records held in Polish archives (related not only to commercial cases) have been mostly destroyed, and commercial judicature in the territories of the so-called former Galician departments only functioned for a few years, its output deserves special attention. Especially since this matter as provided for in the Commercial code was unclear and ambiguous, and the Krakow judges adjudicated in compliance with the French line, which had shaped not only based on the provisions of the Code de commerce, but above all based on the successively produced in France additional legal acts related to the commercial law, rich case law and legal science that supplemented the code. They had not been adopted in the Polish territories, and publications aiming to familiarize the Polish lawyers with them did not start to appear until the ‘40s of the 19th century, and Polish scholars did not exhibit a serious interest in the area of commercial law until the ‘60s of that century.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się na zagadnieniu właściwości osobowej trybunałów handlowych w wybranych wyrokach Sądu Apelacyjnego Wolnego Miasta Krakowa. Biorąc pod uwagę fakt, iż akta sądowe w archiwach polskich (nie tylko odnoszące się do spraw handlowych) w większości uległy zniszczeniu, a sądownictwo handlowe na terenach tzw. departamentów pogalicyjskich funkcjonowało jedynie przez kilka lat, jego dorobek orzeczniczy zasługuje na szczególną uwagę. Tym bardziej, iż we wzbudzającej wątpliwości i niejednoznacznie uregulowanej w samym Kodeksie handlowym kwestii krakowscy sędziowie orzekali zgodnie z obowiązującą wówczas linią francuską, kształtującą się w oparciu nie tylko o normy Code de commerce, ale przede wszystkim namnażane sukcesywnie we Francji ustawodawstwo okołokodeksowe, bogate orzecznictwo i doktrynę związana z kodeksem. Nie obowiązywały one na ziemiach polskich, a publikacje je przybliżające zaczęły w większym nasileniu pojawiać się w latach 40. XIX w. O poważnym zainteresowaniu polskich przedstawicieli nauki prawem handlowym można mówić dopiero właściwie od lat 60. XIX stulecia.
EN
Many aspects of the application of the French 1807 Commercial Code gave rise to doubts and disputes, which had to do with the much lower level of legislative technique than in the case of the Civil Code. One of such problems was the issue of jurisdiction of commercial tribunals, resting, among others, on the premise of performing commercial acts, whose legal defi nition was not provided by the Code de commerce. In France, the code was accompanied by successively produced other legal acts related to the commercial law and by a rich output of legal science and case law. Th e former were not adopted in the Polish territories along with the adoption of the Commercial Code in the 19th century, and the other elements of French legal culture concerning this area were very hard to come by, as the Polish scholars were scarcely interested in the domain of commercial law. As an eff ect, the judges, oft en adjudicating in difficult and complex cases, were left to their own devices. The article presents then the way how the judges applied code norms. This is illustrated by some examples of selected judgments issued by the Appellate Court in the Free City of Krakow, which concern the topic of commercial activities and jurisprudence of commercial tribunals.
PL
Wiele kwestii związanych ze stosowaniem francuskiego Kodeksu handlowego z 1807 r. wywoływało wątpliwości i spory – nie bez związku ze zdecydowanie niższym poziomem techniki legislacyjnej niż w przypadku Kodeksu cywilnego. Jedną z nich była kwestia właściwości trybunałów handlowych, opierająca się m.in. na przesłance dokonywania czynności handlowych, których jednakże legalnej defi nicji w Code de commerce zabrakło. We Francji kodeksowi towarzyszyło sukcesywnie namnażane ustawodawstwo okołokodeksowe oraz bogaty dorobek doktryny i orzecznictwa. Do przyjęcia tego pierwszego w ślad za Kodeksem handlowym na ziemiach polskich w XIX w. jednak nie doszło, a zapoznanie się na początku stulecia z pozostałymi elementami kultury prawa francuskiego w tym zakresie w wysokim stopniu utrudniał fakt niemalże całkowitego braku zainteresowania przedstawicieli polskiej nauki dziedziną prawa handlowego. W efekcie, orzekający w nierzadko trudnych i skomplikowanych sprawach sędziowie pozostawieni byli sami sobie. Sposób stosowania przez nich norm kodeksowych na przykładzie wybranych orzeczeń Sądu Apelacyjnego Wolnego Miasta Krakowa dotyczących zagadnienia czynności handlowych i związanej z nimi właściwości trybunałów handlowych stanowi przedmiot niniejszej publikacji.
EN
The French Code de commerce was adopted in the Polish territories in 1809 and remained formally binding for over 120 years. It was nonetheless transferred from post-revolutionary France into a feudal reality, where no commercial code had been in place before, without the necessary preparatory works, implementation of the legislation accompanying the Code de commerce or even an official translation. Moreover, legal scholars paid scarce attention to it in the first decades. Taken together, all these factors affected its application. Being a contribution to the complex study of the issue, the present publication examines selected notarial deeds documenting individual commercial transactions to show how the process of practical implementation of the norms of French Commercial Code developed in the Polish territories.
PL
Francuski Code de commerce recypowany został na ziemiach polskich w 1809 r. i obowiązywał formalnie przez ponad 120 lat. Przeszczepiony został jednak z porewolucyjnej Francji do realiów feudalnych, w których nigdy wcześniej nie obowiązywał żaden kodeks handlowy, bez koniecznych prac przygotowawczych, implementacji ustawodawstwa okołokodeksowego związanego z Code de commerce czy ofi cjalnego tłumaczenia i przy znikomym zainteresowaniu nauki prawa w pierwszych dekadach obowiązywania, co w znacznym stopniu wpływało na jego stosowanie. Niniejsza publikacja, stanowiąca przyczynek do kompleksowego studium tego zagadnienia, obrazuje, w oparciu o analizę wybranych aktów notarialnych dokumentujących poszczególne czynności handlowe, jak przebiegał proces praktycznej implementacji norm francuskiego Kodeksu handlowego na ziemiach polskich.
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