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1

Wnioskowanie o bliskości względem „ja” na podstawie myślenia o innym człowieku w kategoriach sprawnościowych i moralnych

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Zemojtel-Piotrowska M., Piotrowski J.
Psychologia Społeczna
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2008
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vol. 3
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issue 3(8)
258-270
EN
The “stranger” and “familiar” heuristics are judgmental heuristics used to estimate distance between self and other people. It was predicted that the judged distance would be smaller when a person is evaluated in terms of competence rather than moral categories. In line with the assumptions of dual-process models, it was predicted that this effect should occur only in conditions of cognitive load or lack of motivation. In the first experiment participants (N = 38) rated moral or competence traits of a perceived target person in conditions of free cognitive resources or under cognitive load and then rated distance between self and the target person. The results were consistent with expectations. Under cognitive load participants who rated the person’s competence traits rated the distance as smaller than participants who rated moral traits. In the condition of free cognitive resources there was no difference between participants’ ratings of competence and moral traits of the target person. In the second experiment (N = 98) two different ways of category activation, relevant or irrelevant to the given task, were manipulated. Relevant categories were activated by asking participants to list these traits of the target person which they would like to know. Irrelevant categories were activated by asking participants to list traits that they would like to know about an unknown person. Effects of cognitive load and of the moral/competence-related content of traits were replicated while no significant effects of information relevance were obtained.
2
Content available remote

Kwestionariusz Roszczeniowości

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Piotrowski J., Żemojtel-Piotrowska M.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
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2009
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vol. 12
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issue 2
151-177
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia Kwestionariusz Roszczeniowości (KR). Mierzy on postawy roszczeniowe, rozumiane jako gotowość do wysuwania żądań i koncentrowanie się na obronie własnych praw. W skład kwestionariusza wchodzą trzy skale: skala walki o swoje - mierząca skłonność do walki o swoje prawa, skala wiary w obligacje - mierząca przekonanie, że świat to sieć wzajemnych obligacji między jednostkami i instytucjami, oraz skalę mściwości - mierzącą trudność w darowywaniu krzywd. Badania (N = 767) wskazują, że metoda cechuje się wysoką spójnością i zadowalającą stabilnością. Roszczeniowość właściwa korelowała dodatnio z samooceną, zadowoleniem z życia, indywidualizmem, narcyzmem i wewnętrznym umiejscowieniem kontroli. Wiara w obligacje korelowała dodatnio z kolektywizmem i zewnętrznym umiejscowieniem kontroli, a ujemnie z samooceną i zadowoleniem z życia. Mściwość korelowała dodatnio z narcyzmem; nie korelowała ani z samooceną, ani z zadowoleniem z życia.
EN
This article presents the development of the Entitlement Questionnaire (EQ), designed to measure entitlement attitudes, understood as proneness to raising claims and to concentrating on defending one's own rights. The Questionnaire consists of three scales: Fighting Rights - measuring proneness to fighting for one's own rights, Belief in Obligations - measuring a conviction that the world is a net of mutual obligations between individuals and institutions, and Vindictiveness - measuring difficulties with forgiving wrongs. The study (N = 767) indicated that this method is characterized by high consistency and satisfactory stability. The pure entitlement attitude correlated positively with self-esteem, life satisfaction, individualism, narcissism and internal locus of control. Belief in obligations correlated positively with collectivism and external locus of control, and negatively with self-esteem and life satisfaction. Vindictiveness correlated positively with narcissism, however, it did not correlated neither with self-esteem nor with life satisfaction.
3

Interpersonalne konsekwencje wybaczenia: Kiedy wybaczenie nie jest mile widziane?

100%
Gruszecka E., Piotrowski J.
Psychologia Społeczna
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2010
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vol. 5
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issue 4(15)
316-329
EN
Participants were led to believe that they have made a mistake which has thwarted experimenter's work. The experimenter has forgiven them, or he has not, and asked them or not for a favor. In the first study, participants who experienced forgiveness only ("pure" forgiveness condition) liked the experimenter more than participants who experienced forgiveness along with the request for a favor. Similar pattern of results was revealed when participant evaluated the experimenter's competence, intention to be in contact with him, and the study in general. The second study only partially replicated the described results. In this study, participants' mood was also assessed. Under conditions of "pure" forgiveness, participants mood increased, and under conditions of "conditional" forgiveness it decreased. Results of both studies suggest that condi-tions of pure forgiveness and conditions of lack of forgiveness associated with the possibility to redress the wrongdoing are emotionally equivalent (equally positive) and different from the condition of lack of forgiveness associated with no chance to redress the wrongdoing.
4

Postawy roszczeniowe a system wartości w ujęciu Shaloma Schwartza

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Żemojtel-Piotrowska M., Baran T., Piotrowski J.
Psychologia Społeczna
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2011
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vol. 6
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issue 2(17)
146-158
EN
The paper presents results from the survey realized on a sample of Polish Internet users (N = 1900) concerning relations between entitlement attitudes and Schwartz`s types of values. Three entitlement attitudes were distinguished: active entitlement, passive entitlement and revengefulness. Active entitlement was positively related to Openness to Change, negatively to Conservative values (ie. Conformity), positively to Self-Enhancement (Hedonism) and negatively to Self-Transcendence values. Passive entitlement was related positively to the two values of Self-Transcendence (Benevolence and Universalism), and contrary to predictions to Self-Direction, and negatively to Power. Revengefulness was related negatively to Self-Transcendence and to Conformity and positively to Self-Enhancement (ie. Power, Hedonism), Openness to Change (Stimulation, Self-Direction), and Security values. Results point to different motivational sources of particular entitlement attitudes related to self versus others interests and to Openness to Change-Conservatism dimension.
5
Content available remote

Skala Transcendencji Duchowej. Konstrukcja i walidacja

81%
Piotrowski J., Skrzypińska K., Żemojtel-Piotrowska M.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
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2013
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vol. 16
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issue 3
451-485
PL
Artykuł przedstawia proces konstrukcji Skali Transcendencji Duchowej (STD), opartej na koncepcji Ralpha Piedmonta. Przez transcendencję duchową autorzy rozumieją zdolność do wyjścia poza bezpośrednie poczucie czasu i miejsca oraz widzenia życia z większej, bardziej obiektywnej perspektywy. Narzędzie składa się z dwóch podskal: Transcendencji Właściwej i Otwartości Duchowej. STD charakteryzuje się dobrymi właściwościami psychometrycznymi oraz wysoką trafnością. W badaniach walidacyjnych (N = 1859) testowano związki STD (wyniku ogólnego i skal składowych) z potrzebą aprobaty społecznej, istniejącymi miarami duchowości i religijności, materializmu oraz NEO-FFI. Narzędzie może być przydatne w badaniach eksperymentalnych i teoretycznych nad transcendencją duchową. Przeznaczone jest do badania osób po 16 roku życia.
EN
This paper presents the construction of the Scale of Spiritual Transcendence (STD), which is based on Ralph Piedmont's conception of spiritual transcendence. Piedmont defined it as the ability to transcend a direct sense of time and place and to perceive life from a broader, more objective perspective. The obtained measure is characterized by good psychometric parameters. In the validation process (N = 1859), the relations of the Scale of Spiritual Transcendence (the global result and two main subscales) with existing measures of social approval, religiosity and spirituality, materialism, and personality traits were tested. The presented scale could be implemented in experimental and correlational studies in this field. It is designed for studies on populations above the age of 16.
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