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EN
The study contains the characteristics of degenerative changes – difficulties of qualification in the material from excavations, amongst others, because of diverse etiology of both primary and secondary changes. Mainly it presents changes of spine. Its complex structure and manifold function: it is the axis of skeleton, it is the support of the whole body, plays an important role in the mechanics of movement, is one of causes of its many diseases, especially degenerative ones. There are presented also some non-vertebral joints, in which lesions often co-occur with changes in spine. Discussing a given disease was presented its definition, etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, recognition – diagnosis. There are also presented some cases of secondary changes resulting in degenerative changes of spine, for example tuberculosis, osteoporosis, alkaptonuria, injuries. There was emphasized the importance of additional specialized tests (e.g. X-ray, histology, orthopedic, DNA). Eight figures illustrate: Fig. 1. construction of joint, the others – the nature of lesions. Acknowledgement: I thank Agnieszka Ruta MA for preparing figures and preliminary preparation for print.
EN
There were presented basic data concerning inflammatory diseases: pathogens, division – its criterion, main causes of diseases in individual periods, the impact of the environment on the occurrence of diseases, their course (the role of immunity). There were listed diseases leaving traces in the skeletal system, as well as there were presented the most frequent ones caused by bacteria, such as: purulent osteomyelitis and others of various etiopathogenesis, e.g. periodontosis, sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis as well as zoonoses, e.g. brucellosis, malleus, echinococcosis, and tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy caused by specific factors and sarcoidosis of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. It was stressed that any careful study in the form of a compendium contains fairly comprehensible description of complex issues concerning the diagnosis of lesions in the archaeological material. An important issue is the epidemiology, but the state of the material, mostly accidental, rules out a full epidemiological picture of many diseases. There are helpful records in parish books and chronicles. But while using them, however, it should be taken into account the time of their creation – the level of medical knowledge. Figures allow to see the image of many inflammatory diseases. Acknowledgement: I thank Agnieszka Ruta MA for preparing figures and preliminary preparation for print.
EN
In the paper a sketch of the latest history of paleopathology in Poland is presented. Until 1979, as a separate field of science, researching bone materials from Poland, it was unknown abroad, and in the country not too well accepted. The 2nd International Anthropological Congress in Prague-Humpolec in 1979, at which were presented the results of study of Polish material, subsequent publications in foreign journals, particularly kind attitude and support of palaeopathologists, especially the American ones, as well as joining the research and cooperation of several Polish physicians, anthropologists and archaeologists have resulted that currently the effects of our research are widely known and cited in the world literature. The comments concern: 1) preparation for especially palaeopathological research, where, amongst others, medical knowledge is needed, apart from anthropology knowledge, 2) the role of tutor, promotor, reviewer, editor-publisher, which, unfortunately, is sometimes controversial and 3) causes of state of preservation of basic research material. While the suggestions concerning publications – amongst others: correctness of nomenclature, citation - author, literature, etc., interpretation of text of cited author and cooperation with specialists,e.g. physicians: orthopaedists, radiologists, biochemists etc. In 8 figures there are presented lesions, which may not be noticed without the ‘palaeopathological’ anatomy knowledge. Acknowledgement: I thank Agnieszka Ruta MA for preparing figures and preliminary preparation for print.
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