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Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w miej scowości Całowanie, gm. Karczew, woj. mazowieckie, st. XXVI

100%

Iwanicki P.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

2011

vol. LXII

issue 62

83-118

The village Całowanie lies in the valley of the Vistula R., on its right bank, c. 7.5 km to the north-east of the locality Góra Kalwaria, on a sandy upper terrace parallel to the river channel, separated from the west from the main current of the Vistula. Near the site of interest the upper terrace is dissected by a small stream (called Szeroka Struga) parallel to it, the main axis of prehistoric settlement in the area. One of the earliest finds from the Late Pre-Roman Period discovered close to Całowanie is an iron type M fibula, now in the museum in Bydgoszcz, dated within phases A2/A3 and A3. A series of finds datable to the same period was discovered by accident in 1948 on a small elevation rising over the Szeroka Struga stream, c. 750 m to the north-west of the village buildings of Całowanie. Chronological variation of the pottery and observable division in the grave pit suggest that originally there were two features, one (southern – dating from phase A3, which next to pottery contained a fragment of an undetermined fibula), partly damaged by the grave pit of a later burial (the northern – from phase B1, which also yielded an iron knife and rivet). The graves would have belonged to a larger as yet not investigated cemetery of Przeworsk Culture. Finds from Całowanie datable to the Early Roman Period also include two glass beads, classified as type 223b and 4b of M. Tempelmann-Mączyńska – were submitted in 1903 to the Museum of Industry and Agriculture in Warsaw by Z. Wolski (now in the State Archaeological Museum, PMA/IV/568). The latest artefact from Całowanie dated reliably to the Roman Period, a bronze tendril crossbow fibula, type A.162, dated to phase C2, was discovered in a dune next to the road linking Łukowiec and Całowanie (PMA/IV/568) and is linked with Wielbark Culture settlement. Nevertheless, all these finds do not belong to the cemetery under discussion. The finds from the Late Pre-Roman and the Roman Period are rounded out by input from the cemetery of Przeworsk Culture recorded as Całowanie site XXVI, subject of the present contribution. It lies on a small elevation descending to the valley of the Szeroka Struga stream. On its east side the site was destroyed by a dirt road running to Całowanie and by buildings of the village. The cemetery was discovered during a fieldwalking survey made in 1987 (AZP 61-69/59) and came under rescue excavation in July 1990. A total area of no more than 200 m2 was explored and 19 graves of Przeworsk Culture were identified. All the features excavated were seriously damaged by deep ploughing. Grave 1 was notable because next to pottery it contained fragments of two iron spear points (one of them decorated on the blade by notching), a shield-boss, type Bo.15, a fibula, type E acc. to Kostrzewski, and a knife. This would be a striking case of the lingering in use of a fibula form characteristic for phase A2 discovered with weapons and ceramics distinctive for the mature phase A3. At the same time, the fibula would be an interesting evidence on outside contacts, both within the Przeworsk Culture and beyond, given that this fibula form is known mainly from Lower Silesia and from the Vistula Delta. Contacts with the area of Celtic settlement is documented by forms present in graves 3 and 9 – a fragment of a cup made to imitate Celtic comb-decorated pottery in the first of these grave and fragments of a segmented belt, a form also deriving from the Celtic environment. Also attributable to the same sphere is a fragment of a Knotenring ornament, discovered in the cemetery at Całowanie as a stray find. Even so, the main group useful in dating the cemetery was pottery. A closer analysis of vessel forms and their dating helped to separate three groups of graves corresponding to different phases of use of the cemetery. To better grasp the links between individual forms a table of co-occurrence of specific ceramic forms in closed grave assemblages was developed. Group I includes graves 6, 10, 15, and 19. They mostly contained vessels with thickened and visibly facetted rims, types I.1.1.b, II.2.b, IV.1.b and III.5. There was also a handful of forms with less prominently facetted rims, types I.1.1.c, I.2.c and IV.1.c, characteristic for the next phase. This group of graves was marked by a co-occurrence of vessels typical for ceramic phases I and II in Przeworsk culture, which helped to synchronize them with phase A2/A3. Group II includes graves 1, 3 and 18. They contained no vessels other than forms with a thickened randomly facetted rim and a broad upper body. Leading forms in this group are type II.2.c. bowls and cups of type I.1.1.c, I.2.c and I.4.1 mentioned earlier. Novel forms included a few bowls of type B.1.1. Based on typological attributes of the pottery and non-ceramic finds from grave 1, typical for the late phase of the Late Pre-Roman Period (the type Bo.15 shield-boss and the spear point with a blade decorated by notching) graves in this group may be synchronized with phase A3. Group II includes graves 11 and 17. Vessels discovered in them have a sharply angular body and an everted rim. These are vases type A.3 and bowls type A.1 and B.1.1. Also classifiable to group III is grave 13 which yielded a bowl, type B.1.1, somewhat degenerated of form. Vessels type A.1 and A.3 are noted in the eastern area of the Przeworsk culture during the Early Roman Period and are a characteristic form during this period. Their presence in Group III graves helps synchronize the group with phase B1 and possibly, the onset of phase B2. Analysis helps to establish the relative dating of the cemetery at Całowanie site XXVI as phases A2/A3–B1. Despite the relatively modest quantity of archaeological material the results presented here document a rhythm of development similar as in other Przeworsk cemeteries in the Mazowsze region. There is also evidence of the lingering of vessel forms assigned to ceramic phase II as well as some delay in the adoption of Early Roman models. The finds from Całowanie also document outside exchange of this part of Przeworsk Culture and change in its culture connections attributable to the depopulation of areas in Lower Silesia and northwestern Wielkopolska.

Cmentarzysko ciałopalne kultury bogaczewskiej w Bargłowie Dwornym, pow. augustowski

100%

Iwanicki P.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

2022

vol. LXXIII

issue 73

193-233

The cemetery at Bargłów Dworny is located approx. 10 km to the SW of Augustów (Fig. 1). It was reported to the State Archaeological Museum in 1937. Rescue excavations were undertaken at the site first in 1939, under the supervision of Józef Marcinak, and then in 1969 and 1972, led by Marian Kaczyński. In total, an area of more than 900 m2 was excavated, and 37 Bogaczewo Culture graves were uncovered (Fig. 2). Unfortunately, most of them were severely damaged as a result of intense agricultural works. Among the artefacts recovered during the excavations, there are several of local – limited to the Bogaczewo Culture – character as well as those typical of the entire West Balt cultural circle that deserve attention. The former group includes a triple-crested brooch of the Mazurian variant found in grave 7 (Fig. 6/7:1). It represents the second group of this fibula type, distinguished in this paper, which is characterised by a small protrusion in the upper part of the sleeve. Such specimens are found in the Bogaczewo Culture in phase C1a. The artefacts typical of the Bogaczewo Culture also include a figure-of-eight-shaped pendant of type A from grave 18B (Fig. 9:1) and two iron axes – one from grave 4B, the other a stray find (Fig. 5/4B:1, 16/03:5). These artefacts are dated to phases B2b and B2/C1. The other artefact group, of broader, West Balt character, is represented, among others, by an enamelled penannular brooch from grave 4A (Fig. 4/4A:1), two cuff bracelets of type A from the same feature (Fig. 4/4A:2.3) and a stray find of a small socketed axe (Fig. 15/02:1). The bracelets from grave 4A and the axe are dated to phase B2/C1–C1a and phase B2–B2/C1 respectively. The Bargłów Dworny cemetery also yielded isolated imports from the areas of neighbouring cultures. A G.3 type belt buckle from grave 18A (Fig. 9/18:1) is probably of Przeworsk origin; it is dated to phase B2b and B2/C1. A stray find of a green bead of type TM183 (Fig. 15/02:2) is associated with the influence of the Wielbark Culture, in which such artefacts are often encountered in graves from phase C1. The bronze necklace separators from grave 1 (Fig. 3/1:3b) come from the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture, in the area of which they are found in assemblages from phases B2 and B2/C1. A unique find is a fragmentarily preserved neck-ring discovered in the intermingled top layer of graves 28A and 28B (Fig. 12:1). It represents an interesting combination of Balt style (enamel decoration) with a “Germanic” form of the fastener. The scarce pottery found at the site is typical of the Bogaczewo Culture. Of note is the presence in the graves of small sherds of bowls and mugs representing the so-called tableware. It seems to be a local feature of the funeral rite, to date observed only at cemeteries of the so-called Rajgród Group. A comprehensive analysis of the artefacts allowed establishing that the excavated part of the cemetery was in use from phase B2 to phase C2 of the Roman Period.

Cmentarzysko w Bargłowie Dwornym leży ok. 10 km na SW od Augustowa (Ryc. 1). Zostało ono zgłoszone do PMA w roku 1937 i było badane ratowniczo przez Józefa Marciniaka w roku 1939 i Mariana Kaczyńskiego w latach 1969 i 1972. Ogółem zbadano obszar ponad 900 m2, odkrywając 37 grobów kultury bogaczewskiej (Ryc. 2). Niestety znaczna część z nich była mocno zniszczona na skutek intensywnych prac rolnych. Spośród pozyskanych w trakcie badań zabytków na uwagę zasługuje kilka o charakterze lokalnym, ograniczonym do kultury bogaczewskiej, bądź też charakterystycznych dla całego kręgu zachodniobałtyjskiego. Do pierwszej grupy należy zapinka trójgrzebykowa odmiany mazurskiej z grobu 7 (Ryc. 6/7:1). Reprezentuje ona wyróżnioną w niniejszym opracowaniu grupę drugą tych fibul, charakteryzującą się niewielkim występem w górnej części tulei. Okazy takie występują w kulturze bogaczewskiej w stadium C1a. Do zabytków typowych dla kultury bogaczewskiej należą m.in. również wisiorek ósemkowaty typu A z grobu 18B (Ryc. 9:1) oraz dwa toporki żelazne, z grobu 4B i znaleziony luźno (Ryc. 5/4B:1, 16/03:5). Zabytki te datowane są na fazy B2b i B2/C1. Grupę drugą przedmiotów o szerszym, zachodniobałtyjskim charakterze reprezentują m.in. zapinka podkowiasta zdobiona emalią z grobu 4A (Ryc. 4/4A:1), pochodzące z tego samego zespołu dwie bransolety mankietowe typu A (Ryc. 4/4A:2.3), oraz znaleziona luźno siekierka tulejkowata (Ryc. 15/02:1). Bransolety z grobu 4A datowane są na fazę B2/C1–C1a, siekierka na fazy B2–B2/C1. Na cmentarzysku w Bargłowie Dwornym odkryto także pojedyncze importy z obszarów kultur sąsiednich. Najprawdopodobniej przeworskie pochodzenie ma sprzączka typu G.3 z grobu 18 (Ryc. 9/18:1), datowana na fazę B2b i B2/C1. Z oddziaływaniami kultury wielbarskiej wiąże się luźno znaleziony zielony paciorek typu TM183 (Ryc. 15/02:2), często spotykanego na nekropolach tej kultury w zespołach grobowych z fazy C1. Z kultury DolIkeim-Kovrovo pochodzą brązowe rozdzielacze kolii z grobu 1 (Ryc. 3/1:3b), występujące na jej terytorium w zespołach z faz B2 i B2/C1. Unikatowym znaleziskiem jest zachowany we fragmentach naszyjnik odkryty w przemieszanej warstwie stropowej grobów 28A i 28B (Ryc. 12:1). Stanowi on ciekawe połączenie stylistyki bałtyjskiej (zdobienie emalią) z „germańską” formą zapięcia. Niezbyt liczna ceramika znaleziona na cmentarzysku jest typowa dla kultury bogaczewskiej. Zwraca uwagę obecność w grobach drobnych fragmentów mis i kubków reprezentujących tzw. ceramikę stołową. Jest to, jak się wydaje, lokalna cecha obrządku pogrzebowego, obserwowana dotychczas jedynie na cmentarzyskach z tzw. skupienia rajgrodzkiego. Szczegółowa analiza zabytków pozwoliła ustalić czas użytkowania zbadanej części cmentarzyska na okres od fazy od B2 do fazy C2 okresu wpływów rzymskich.

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2 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

2 Iwanicki P.

1 2022

1 2011

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Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w miej scowości Całowanie, gm. Karczew, woj. mazowieckie, st. XXVI

Cmentarzysko ciałopalne kultury bogaczewskiej w Bargłowie Dwornym, pow. augustowski