The paper discusses the current issues on recognition of paternity in the light of children’s rights. It identifies the proper tools necessary for determining paternity and maternity and highlights their growing importance in connection with common migration and free movement of persons in the EU. The issue of establishing the law applicable to the content or the form of declaration of paternity is presented based on judicial practice. 34 E. Skrzydło-Tefelska, op. cit., s. 149–150.106 | Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza The paper describes the relationship between recognition of paternity and the process of establishing citizenship and the conditions that must be fulfilled to obtain legal residence in Poland. The conclusions de lege ferenda call for changes in the acquisition of Polish citizenship by operation of law by a child who has been recognized by a man of Polish citizenship. Currently, this possibility is limited by the annual date on which it is necessary to recognize to change a citizenship of a child by law.
The paper discusses the current issues on recognition of paternity in the light of children’s rights. It identifies the proper tools necessary for determining paternity and maternity and highlights their growing importance in connection with common migration and free movement of persons in the EU. The issue of establishing the law applicable to the content or the form of declaration of paternity is presented based on judicial practice. 34 E. Skrzydło-Tefelska, op. cit., s. 149–150.106 | Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza The paper describes the relationship between recognition of paternity and the process of establishing citizenship and the conditions that must be fulfilled to obtain legal residence in Poland. The conclusions de lege ferenda call for changes in the acquisition of Polish citizenship by operation of law by a child who has been recognized by a man of Polish citizenship. Currently, this possibility is limited by the annual date on which it is necessary to recognize to change a citizenship of a child by law
A FEW REMARKS ON THE AXIOLOGY OF COMPETITION LAW AND PATENT LAW: THE ABSOLUTE PATENT PROTECTION OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS Summary This paper discusses the important issue of the dependence of patent law on competition law, and their relations. The author carries out a comprehensive analysis of the axiomatic foundations of these two systems. She starts by putting a hypothesis that patent law and competition law are complementary. Both are a remedy for the shortcomings of the market, each in a different, but complementary way acting as tools in a mechanism to stimulate innovation. Subsequently, the paper presents the patent protection of biotechnological inventions, in particular its sensitive aspect, namely the absolute protection of biotechnological inventions. Hence she goes on to discuss various standpoints on the patent protection of biotechnological inventions. In the final part of the article she presents the well-nigh inevitable clash between the absolute protection of biotechnological inventions and the law on protection of competition. The article also shows that competition law is in conflict with the axiological foundations of patent protection, in prejudice to the principle that patent protection is a system envisaged for the benefit of society as a whole and should be established and performed using the principle of proportionality.
Artykuł opisuje patentowanie wynalazków biotechnologicznych w obliczu obecnych niezwykłych kontrowersji w takich branżach jak: farmacja, biotechnologia, informatyka, organizacja prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej. Głównym problemem związanym z kontrowersjami wokół wynalazków, w szczególności biotechnologicznych, jest zakaz patentowania odkryć. W eseju zaprezentowano charakter i cel tego zakazu. W tym kontekście zaprezentowano m.in. definicje odkrycia i wynalazku, które nie są regulowane w prawie stanowionym, lecz kształtowane są przez orzecznictwo i doktrynę. Omówiono w szczególności sposób badania zdolności patentowej ludzkich genów (badanie jego przemysłowej stosowalności, poprzez wskazanie funkcji genu, oraz okoliczności badania technicznego charakteru oraz nieoczywistości, zwłaszcza poprzez okoliczność wyizolowania genu). Zaprezentowano także problem wykluczenia od zdolności patentowej ludzkiego genomu. Opisana została także kwestia uzyskania uprzedniej zgody osoby, od której pobierane są komórki na ich komercyjne wykorzystanie, a także opatentowanie. Autorka stoi na stanowisku, że istnieje rozbieżność między praktyką badania zdolności patentowej genów Europejskiego Urzędu Patentowego i Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki. Co więcej, zauważa szereg nieprawidłowości związanych z nieprecyzyjnym badaniem zdolności patentowej genów, w tym genów ludzkich.
EN
The paper describes the patenting of biotechnological inventions in the face of the current extraordinary controversies in the industries such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, information technology, business organization. The main issue associated with the mentioned in the article controversies over inventions, in particular biotechnology, is the exclusion on patenting of discoveries. The essay presents the nature and purpose of the exclusion. In this context, there are explained definitions of discovery and invention, which are not regulated in the substantive law, but are presented by the case law and the doctrine. Particularly a method of assessing the patentability of human genes was discussed (the examination of an industrial applicability by identifying function of genes and the premises of the technique nature of the invention and the premises of the non-obviousness, examined in particular by the fact of isolating genes). It also presents the problem of exclusion from patentability of the human genome. Additionally, the issue of obtaining the prior consent of the person from whom the cells are taken for commercial use, and in particular patenting was described. It was presented to underline an importance of assessing if the invention is contrary to morality or public order. The author of the text introduced differences between the practice of examination of the patentability of genes applied by the European Patent Office and the Supreme Court of the United States. Moreover, a number of currently irregularities in connection with the imprecise examination of patentability of test genes, including human genes, were presented.
The biodiversity is an inexhaustible reservoir of resources which ensure useful solutions of human beings. Therefore, it is necessary to protect natural resources. This paper presents selected issues on the sui generis protection of biodiversity established according to the Convention of Biological Diversity of the 5 June, 1992. The problem in-question was analyzed through the prism of the ABS tool – The Access to genetic resources and equitable Sharing of Benefits (Access and Benefit Sharing). The prior consent to resources was presented with reference to the ABS. Moreover, the analyze has been broaden by the subject matter of the relationship between the ABS and the patent law. This essay presents two main thesis in the area if the sustainable use of the biodiversity, and the possibility of irregularity of the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the patent law. Nevertheless, the paper discusses the biopiracy and the traditional knowledge.
Artykuł prezentuje skomplikowane kwestie dotyczące ochrony patentowej produktów leczniczych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem polskiej perspektywy. Wszelkie implikacje zostały zaprezentowane z perspektywy regulacji międzynarodowych, zwłaszcza przy omówieniu regulacji dotyczących prawa do zdrowia. Autorka na wstępie opisuje ochronę patentową szerzej, sięgając do aksjologii, co pozwala dokładniej zrozumieć mechanizmy rządzące tą gałęzią prawa. W dalszej kolejności dokonano analizy węzłowych zagadnień związanych bezpośrednio z uznaniem zdolności patentowej produktów leczniczych, zwłaszcza dotyczących badania przesłanki nowości oraz patentowania nowego zastosowania, odnosząc się zwłaszcza do tzw. szwajcarskiej redakcji zastrzeżeń. Celem umówienia skomplikowanych kwestii dotyczących polskiego rynku farmaceutyków, gdzie ważną rolę odgrywają zwłaszcza producenci leków generycznych, zaprezentowano regulację tzw. wyjątku Bolara w dozwolonego użytku wynalazku w celu uzyskania pozwolenia na dopuszczenie produktu do obrotu. Na koniec wskazano istotne kwestie na temat tzw. SPC (dodatkowego świadectwa ochronnego), jako instytucji związanej z prawem patentowym, mającym rekompensować krótszy niż w przypadku innych wynalazków okres eksploatacji wynalazku chronionego patentem. We wnioskach podsumowano gąszcz ważnych regulacji związanych ochroną patentową, która w przypadku produktów leczniczych, zwłaszcza w Polsce, charakteryzuje się swoją wyjątkową specyfiką.
EN
The paper presents complicated issues connected with pharmaceuticals patents, particularly from the Polish perspective. All aspects are discussed from the international standpoint, especially pursuant to the right of healthcare. In the beginning, the patent system has been described from the broader view what creates easy and precise possibility to understand difficult mechanisms of the patent system. Then, some material issues bound directly with the patentability and the patent-eligibility, in particular according to the novelty and patenting a new use of an invention, were presented in the light of so-called “Swiss-type claims”. The Bolar exception (a law permitting use of patented products in experiments for the purpose of obtaining an approval of introducing a drug into a market) was described to discuss every complicated matters connected with the Polish pharmaceutical market where generic competitors play a key role. In the end, the Supplementary Protection Certificate regulation as a tool of supplying a real-exercising short patent protection when we count it after introducing a drug into the market was described. In conclusions, some closing remarks were suggested on specific and different patent protection for pharmaceuticals inventions from the protection granted to any other invention, particularly from the Polish perspective.
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