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EN
The article contains an analysis of the rhetoric of selected texts from Polish popular press of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century (“Tygodnik Ilustrowany”, “Ogniwo”, “Niwa”, and “Ateneum”), mainly related to the visual aspect of astronomical phenomena. The interpretation of these texts has been carried out here in the context of modern philosophy (especially of the notion of the sublime from Kant’s "Critique of Judgement", as well as one of the last attempts to create metaphysical “myth” in "The Ages of the World" treatise by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling) and contemporary interpretation of Plato’s philosophy created by Eric Voegelin and Paul de Man (interpretation of Kant’s transcendental aesthetics in the "Aesthetic Ideology"). Creating such a constellation of texts is used to answer the question: how the specific presentation of the findings of science (via the mathematical and the dynamical sublime forms) becomes a tool for promoting a modern worldview with its characteristic features: depersonalization of views on the cosmic order, depriving them of emotional components, as well as displacement of existential issues (related to the philosophical “myth of the soul”) in the private sphere, without the effects on the social dimension of morality and politics.
EN
In this article, a specific phenomenon of “family story” is being considered on the background of the achievements of modern cognitive anthropology (Dan Sperber, Alvin Ira Goldman), as well as political theory (or political theology) by Aryeh Botwinick, Kenneth Reinhard, and Slavoj Žižek. Referred theoretical considerations serve here as arguments in favour of the thesis that modernity victimizes family and its proper discourse, based on a widely understood concept of kinship, not so much because of the supposedly objective, sociological processes, but within the ideology of the period (authoritarian, totalitarian, or liberal-individualist). The thesis placed in the text about an oppressive relation of modernity and postmodernity toward “family story” was initially explicated on the basis of Franz Kafka's works in the interpretation of Michael Wood and, preeminently, in the context of Holocaust testimonies (Imre Kertész, Primo Levi, Calek Perechodnik), serving as a source of “dark light”, shining on the totalitarian elements of modernity.
EN
This work is a rhetoric-semantic analysis of the content of Polish-language German ‘gadzinówka’ propaganda press (mainly texts from Nowy Kurier Warszawski, very often reprinted in other, local ‘gadzinówka’ papers, e.g. Goniec Krakowski, Dziennik Radomski, etc.). The analysis has been undertaken with a specific focus on the rhetoric and propaganda tools used to create a sense of communication unity among the readers, in an environment of growing isolation of the Third Reich in the global arena, after its failure in North Africa and defeat at Stalingrad. It is not, therefore, a classic analysis of the language of propaganda, the aim of which is, most often, to present lie as truth. It is about the methods of authors (journalists of Polish nationality), serving to influence the mentality of readers in a way that would make them feel Nazi Germany was not alienated and at risk of defeat, but that, in fact, it even celebrated partial successes. The author of the article therefore concentrates on the issue of the type of readership the argumentation of ‘gadzinówka’ papers would address, as well as what the readership mentality was that it wanted to create and strengthen.
EN
The text is a reflection on the relationship between the way of war (strategy, tactics, morale of the army, the rhetoric of propaganda used in accounts of its subject) and the techniques and the broader, cultural, literary and sociological connotations of “reports” from the battlefield. The object of research is the work of these writers „bataliści” (in the broad sense, meaning the presenting of war events and their interpretation), in particular — the difference in the description of the same struggle, viewed from different (opposing) perspectives. Article seeks to discuss among other issues concerning the reflection of strategy individual line units involved in the struggle in the literary descriptions of these battles. The hidden premise of interpretation is raised by the theory of gender and feminist literary history conviction about the relationship between narrative and the war ("Iliada"), typical for the patriarchal cultural formation.
RU
В статье предпринята попытка с новой точки зрения посмотреть на явление лагерной и концлагерной литературы, описывающей опыт пребывания в тоталитарных трудовых лагерях и лагерях уничтожения (как нацистских, так и советских). Для этого предлагается дать жанровое определение такого рода литературы с помощью категорий, разработанных представителями когнитивной антропологии (Дэном Спербером, Ледой Космидес, Джоном Тооби и др.) в применении к опыту, пережитому главными героями этих произведений. Используя такие понятия, как «метарепрезентация», «накопление эпизодической информации», «исходные маркеры репрезентации» или «шизофреническое расстройство ассоциативного аппарата», можно, по мнению автора статьи, определить круг характерных экстремальных переживаний героев концлагерной и лагерной литературы (например, Солженицына, Шаламова, Кертеса), объединяющих их опыт с отрицательными чертами эпохи современности.
EN
The article presents an attempt to look anew at the phenomenon of ‘labour camp literature’, which describes experiences of the protagonists in totalitarian labour camps or death camps (Nazi as well as Soviet). The endeavour relies on proposing a genological definition of this type of literature, through utilising the categories established by exponents of cognitive anthropology (Dan Sperber, Lena Cosmides, John Tooby, et al.) in relation to the experiences the main characters of these works live through. By making use of notions such as ‘meta-representation’, ‘gathering incidental information’, ‘source markers of representation’, or ‘schizophrenic disorder of the association centre’, it is possible – according to the author of the article – to identify a range of particular, extreme experiences of the protagonists of ‘labour camp literature’ (for example, the works of Solzhenitsyn, Shalamov, Kertész), connecting their experiences to the negative traits of the modern era.
EN
This article is an attempt to answer the question: what causes prompted the authors of utopian 'science fiction' novels, that appeared during the communist period (mainly in the fifties of the twentieth century) in Poland and the Soviet Union, to adopt a particular convention of presenting the human body, and especially — the woman’s body? The analysis of these works ("The Astronauts" and "Obłok Magellana" novels by Stanisław Lem and Yvan Yefremov’s "Andromeda: A Space–Age Tale") is carried out in a dialogue with the concepts of Jacques Lacan and Slavoj Žižek, as well as Judith Butler or contemporary sociologists (Chris Shilling), regarding body image and an idealistic element contained in the Marxist–Leninist ideology, which is the theoretical basis of the utopian vision of a society of the future. Psychoanalytic and deconstructive reading of Lem’s and Yefremov’s texts lead the author of this article to the conclusion that the image of the female body (and therefore, of inseparable from human sexuality of shame) undergoes here a sort of 'politicization' in relation to a vision of capitalism as a “dark vortex” of life governed by drives, mediated falsely by logos. However, the image of femininity and sexuality, included in the novels, refer to the early Gnostic version of Christianity (among others to opinions by Marcion, Valentinus, the Syrian’s “encratites”), raising hope to transform body by eliminating areas of drives, but the place of the Gnostic “salvation of the soul” in the communist utopias is occupied by the progress, understood as an increase in knowledge and an achievement of the ideal of the ultimate end of human history through a union with nature.
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