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EN
States, sovereignty, territory, international law and derivatives of them are classical elements creating international space. Borders are their keystones, that organise the international space, and any changes in their position, structure or rules of crossing, result in huge consequences for a political order. Determinants of, the so called, post-Westphalian order: variability, uncertainty and pluralism of possibilities, destroy a shaped structure and mechanisms of relations between these elements. Changes in the rules and means of activity often bring a deficit of effective reactions and uncertainty. The essence of borders has also transformed in: a redefinition of division between the interior and external environments of the state, replacing a perception of the border in terms of barriers to the bridge and extending border control practices with the concept of border management. The Schengen area is an exemplification how borders “work” in the post-Westphalian order. They are redefined in their external and internal functions, and are manifestations of volatility, uncertainty and contradictions. Since 1985, the zone has developed in territorial and legal dimensions, passing through stages of introduction, growth, maturity, and decline, which does not mean the end of Schengen area, but uncertainty about conditions of its operation in the post-Westphalian order, which can be called a vacillation of borders. The present stage of Schengen may also represent a turning point in its development, called conversion and leading to its fundamental change.
PL
Klasycznymi elementami tworzącymi przestrzeń międzynarodową są podmioty państwowe, suwerenność, terytorium, prawo międzynarodowe i pochodne tych elementów zakorzenione w ładzie wesfalskim. Ich zwornikiem są granice, które porządkują przestrzeń międzynarodową, a zmiany ich położenia, struktury czy zasad przekraczania pociągają za sobą ogromne konsekwencje dla porządku politycznego. Wyznaczniki ładu późnowesfalskiego, którymi są zmienność, niepewność i pluralizm możliwości, burzą w pewnym wymiarze wypracowane mechanizmy funkcjonowania tych elementów. Zmiany zasad i możliwości funkcjonowania państw w środowisku międzynarodowym powodują często deficyt mechanizmów reakcji na nie i pojawiający się efekt zaskoczenia. Zmianom ulega również istota granic, do których zaliczymy: redefinicję podziału wnętrza państwa i środowiska zewnętrznego, zastępowanie percepcji granicy w kategoriach bariery na rzecz pomostu oraz rozszerzenie praktyk kontroli granic o koncepcję zarządzania granicami. Strefa Schengen urzeczywistnia porządek późnowestfalski redefiniując pojęcie środowiska wewnętrznego i zewnętrznego, granic państwowych i granic zewnętrznych oraz jest przejawem zmienności, niepewności i sprzeczności. Strefa ewoluowała w wymiarze terytorialnym i prawnym przechodząc przez fazy wprowadzenia, wzrostu i dojrzałości, oraz schyłku, który nie oznacza upadku strefy Schengen, ale niepewność co do uwarunkowań jej działania i jest przejawem koncepcji o „niezdecydowaniu” granic. Obecna faza może stać się punktem zwrotnym w kierunku konwersji strefy Schengen niosąc ze sobą nowe rozwiązania.
EN
The article analyzes the European Neighbourhood Policy of the European Union and its Eastern Dimension using the method associated with risk analysis. The European Union is recognized primarily as an actor of international economic relations oriented towards maximizing profits and minimizing losses on the international market. It is assumed that creation of the multilateral regional cooperation for the area of Eastern Europe, where Russia remains an important and risky player, was based on the mechanisms of risk management. It is not treated as a single act but a process that requires continuous verification or confirmation of the adopted methods, based on the results of this management and new challenges posed by the international environment. In addition, armed conflict between Ukraine (included in the European Neighbourhood Policy) and Russia in 2014 confirmed the presence of a high level of risk in the area, highly influenced the European Union’s decisions on economic relations with Russia, and has brought significant losses for the European market, in response to which further strategies of risk management must be created.
EN
The article analyzes the European Neighbourhood Policy of the European Union and its Eastern Dimension using the method associated with risk analysis. The European Union is recognized primarily as an actor of international economic relations oriented towards maximizing profits and minimiz ing losses on the international market. It is assumed that creation of the multilateral regional cooperation for the area of Eastern Europe, where Russia remains an important and risky player, was based on the mechanisms of risk management. It is not treat ed as a single act but a process that requires continuous verification or confirmation of the adopted methods, based on the results of this management and new challenges posed by the international environment. In addition, armed conflict between Ukraine (i ncluded in the European Neighbourhood Policy) and Russia in 2014 confirmed the presence of a high level of risk in the area, highly influenced the European Union ’ s decisions on economic relations with Russia, and has brought significant losses for the Euro pean market, in response to which further strategies of risk management must be created.
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