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EN
The article explores the relationship between development of monetary integration within the European Union and the Optimum Currency Areas (OCA) theory, with particular attention given to lessons learned from eurozone crisis. The author begins with presenting the OCA theory, its evolution and role in the creation of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Next, the financial crisis in eurozone is discussed in light of the OCA theory and EMU reforms, with particular focus on financial stability, fiscal policy and financial integration. The author argues that the crisis highlighted the importance of ensuring shock absorption mechanisms, as well as turned attention to financial integration and fiscal union criterion of the OCA.
EN
Recent initiatives in the field of the economic governance and the Eco¬nomic and Monetary Union, similarly as to treaty revisions, influence the position of national Parliaments in the EU and create an impulse to rethink domestic arrange¬ments for handling EU affairs in individual Member States, as well as to redefine the system of inter-parliamentary co-operation. As a consequence, the discussion con¬cerning the democratic legitimacy of economic governance opens a new chapter in evolution of the role of European national legislatures in the EU. The aim of this arti¬cle is to present the legal and political aspects of the national Parliaments’ position within the new EU economic governance, and assess their ability to ensure demo¬cratic legitimacy in the context of their current legal position in the EU.
EN
The article attempts to give a comprehensive analysis of the first application of the so called yellow card mechanism provided for in the Protocol on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality and introduced by the Lisbon Treaty. The special focus is given to three issues: the quality of the EC explanatory memorandum, the differences in the scope of national parliaments’ reasoned opinions and the legal basis of the proposed regulation, which was the factor that motivates parliaments and determines the EC’s decision. The author suggests that these three aspects in the case of the proposal for Monti II Regulation confirm opinions formulated earlier in the literature, that the procedure for subsidiarity scrutiny can have significant legal and political implications.
Studia BAS
|
2023
|
issue 2(74)
191-215
EN
The article explores the offshore wind energy development in the EU Member States in the context of targets set at the EU and national levels. The author begins with presenting the current state of affairs in the offshore wind energy sector in the world and in the EU. Next, the development of offshore wind energy in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands, as the leaders in the sector in the EU, is discussed, with the focus on regulatory environment and future development ambitions. Finally, an overview of the situation in the Polish offshore wind energy sector is provided. The author points to some potential regulatory and market bottlenecks that could hamper the development of the sector, which at present is of pivotal importance for environmental and energy security reasons.
EN
The article explores the reaction of the European Central Bank (ECB) to two major economic crises that the EU had to face in the last two decades: the financial crisis which began in 2008 and the latest crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although causes underlying both crises were ultimately different, the response of the ECB was based on the same unconventional monetary policy tools. The author analyses the similarities and differences between both of these crises, as well as the ECB’s reaction to them, drawing attention to a shift in the ECB’s monetary policy towards unconventional tools and consequences of such a shift for the position and future policy directions of the ECB.
EN
The study discusses the amount of financial sanctions (financial penalties or fines) for selected categories of traffic violations in the indicated countries. The focus was on those categories of violations of road traffic regulations, regarding which the Bill Amending the Act on Road Traffic Law and Some Other Acts (Sejm’s paper no. 1504) provided for changes as to financial amounts of fines.
EN
The paper presents information on the principles and requirements for the recruitment of candidates for officers in the armed forces in the following NATO Member States: France, Germany, Norway, the UK and the USA. Analysing the regulations in force in each country, it focuses on the requirements for candidates, the educational path of candidates and the training opportunities for officer cadres.
EN
The study shows that corporate governance systems varies from centralized ones in Finland, France and Spain, a dual one in Italy and decentralized ones in the United Kingdom, Lithuania and Latvia. The different models have been described in detail, identifying the entities supervising the discussed type of entreprises.
EN
The study presents information on legal solutions regarding tenancy housing associations, housing cooperatives and forms of conditional ownership in selected European Union member states and Switzerland.
EN
The study presents information on the legislation on the cybersecurity system in selected European Union countries. The discussed laws in force in individual countries implement the NIS Directive concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union. The NIS Directive specifies the institutions that should be established in all Member States; it regulates cooperation at the European level and imposes obligations in the field of network and information systems security, including the duty to adopt a national strategy on the security of network and information systems.
EN
The term bilingual education for deaf people means teaching the use of two or more languages, at least one of which is a sign language. Its introduction in educational systems around the world depends on many factors, such as the educational management system, the way education for people with disabilities is organised, historical, social and economic conditions. It is therefore difficult to identify a unified model for the education of people with hearing impairments. The opinion presents solutions used in 15 EU countries and the United States.
EN
In the paper, the authors present and analyse the legal acts regulating the issue of parental alienation in selected EU countries and the specific legal solutions concerning the contact of the other parent with the child after divorce, the exercise of parental authority and the ways of settling custody disputes between parents.
EN
The paper presents information on the legal regulation of the profession of a psychologist in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Portugal, and Norway. In the European Union law that profession is covered by the so-called general system of recognition of professional qualifications. The article examines legal provisions regulating the profession, the qualification and educational requirements, and the conditions for practising psychology in the above-mentioned countries.
EN
The rules for the organisation of health policy on immunization are defined by each state in relation to its citizens. The laws of individual EU countries make the possibility of vaccinating minors dependent on, among other things, the age of the person to be vaccinated and the consent of one or both parents or other legal guardians. The analysis presents the requirements for parental consent and the age limits in each country from which minors can decide for themselves to be vaccinated.
EN
The paper concerns selected issues related to parliamentary procedures. The primary aim is to investigate a particular category of motions, defined by rules of procedure of the Polish parliament as points of order (literally “formal motions”). In Poland, points of order are recognised as a separate category of motions. They may be submitted only in respect of matters being the subject of the orders of the day or the proceedings in a sitting and include, inter alia, motions to: suspend, postpone or close the sitting; close the discussion; alter the procedure of the discussion; close the list of speakers; limit the time of speeches; confirm a quorum. The authors examine how motions of similar subject scope are regulated in foreign national parliaments.
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