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EN
The article provides a general overview of the issue of environmentally induced migration. Despite having been a topic of climate change debate for over 30 years and a growing concern of the international community, environmentally displaced persons are not defined or described in any legally binding document. The first part of the article investigates difficulties with providing a definition of environmental migrants. Next, it examines different projects of international regulations and approaches. In the final section the author analyses the key issues of environmentally induced migration, namely: environmental factors, including slow and sudden onset events, characteristics of the movement, with focus on forced and cross-border migration and the appropriate terminology (migrant or refugee).
EN
Statutory provisions regulating the functioning of local government do not include a prohibition regarding assuming the function of a member of an audit committee by a person married to a person holding the function of a head of commune, mayor, starost (head of a district board) or marshal of a voivodeship. Main regulations concerning counteracting conflicts of interest in a local government unit concern the prohibition of combining public functions, restrictions on taking up economic or commercial activities outside the sphere of public administration and exclusion of a councillor from voting, if a vote concerns his legal interest.
EN
The Sejm’s position states that the provision of the Criminal Code according to which the court shall permanently disqualify the offender from driving any type of motor vehicles in the event of a repeated offense of driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol, if the latter has already been convicted for such an offence, unless an exceptional situation justifiable by special circumstances arises, is in compliance with the constitutional right to a fair trial.
EN
The paper focuses on the differences and similarities in the regulation of public collections in selected EU member states. The paper covers such issues as: conditions to start a fundraising campaign, entities authorised to conduct collection activities, permitted purposes of raising funds. An analysis of the regulations concerning foundations and associations has also been carried out, with particular emphasis on the rules of conducting public collections by these entities.
EN
The paper presents information on the principles and requirements for the recruitment of candidates for officers in the armed forces in the following NATO Member States: France, Germany, Norway, the UK and the USA. Analysing the regulations in force in each country, it focuses on the requirements for candidates, the educational path of candidates and the training opportunities for officer cadres.
EN
The study shows that corporate governance systems varies from centralized ones in Finland, France and Spain, a dual one in Italy and decentralized ones in the United Kingdom, Lithuania and Latvia. The different models have been described in detail, identifying the entities supervising the discussed type of entreprises.
EN
The study presents information on legal solutions regarding tenancy housing associations, housing cooperatives and forms of conditional ownership in selected European Union member states and Switzerland.
EN
The study presents information on the legislation on the cybersecurity system in selected European Union countries. The discussed laws in force in individual countries implement the NIS Directive concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union. The NIS Directive specifies the institutions that should be established in all Member States; it regulates cooperation at the European level and imposes obligations in the field of network and information systems security, including the duty to adopt a national strategy on the security of network and information systems.
EN
The term bilingual education for deaf people means teaching the use of two or more languages, at least one of which is a sign language. Its introduction in educational systems around the world depends on many factors, such as the educational management system, the way education for people with disabilities is organised, historical, social and economic conditions. It is therefore difficult to identify a unified model for the education of people with hearing impairments. The opinion presents solutions used in 15 EU countries and the United States.
EN
In the paper, the authors present and analyse the legal acts regulating the issue of parental alienation in selected EU countries and the specific legal solutions concerning the contact of the other parent with the child after divorce, the exercise of parental authority and the ways of settling custody disputes between parents.
EN
The paper presents information on the legal regulation of the profession of a psychologist in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Portugal, and Norway. In the European Union law that profession is covered by the so-called general system of recognition of professional qualifications. The article examines legal provisions regulating the profession, the qualification and educational requirements, and the conditions for practising psychology in the above-mentioned countries.
EN
The rules for the organisation of health policy on immunization are defined by each state in relation to its citizens. The laws of individual EU countries make the possibility of vaccinating minors dependent on, among other things, the age of the person to be vaccinated and the consent of one or both parents or other legal guardians. The analysis presents the requirements for parental consent and the age limits in each country from which minors can decide for themselves to be vaccinated.
EN
The paper concerns selected issues related to parliamentary procedures. The primary aim is to investigate a particular category of motions, defined by rules of procedure of the Polish parliament as points of order (literally “formal motions”). In Poland, points of order are recognised as a separate category of motions. They may be submitted only in respect of matters being the subject of the orders of the day or the proceedings in a sitting and include, inter alia, motions to: suspend, postpone or close the sitting; close the discussion; alter the procedure of the discussion; close the list of speakers; limit the time of speeches; confirm a quorum. The authors examine how motions of similar subject scope are regulated in foreign national parliaments.
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