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EN
The right to a fair trial remains a common heritage of European legal culture. Such a standard has been guaranteed under the functioning system of human rights. Equally, the right to a fair trial was confirmed in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. It does not mean unlimited access to justice without bearing the costs of the initiated proceedings. As a result, mechanisms were created to bear the costs of proceedings and to release certain categories of citizens from such an obligation. In proceedings before administrative courts, it is possible to apply for the right to assistance in order to maintain the right to judicial control of public administration activities. However, the relevant request from the person involved is subject to certain formal requirements. Among other things, it should be submitted using the appropriate official form, and the information contained therein may also indicate the manner in which the request was submitted. An application for granting the right to assistance may be submitted in the course of court proceedings or before their initiation. However, such a statutory definition of the moment for submitting an application for the right to assistance requires clarification. In fact, such a requestcannot be made before the individual has been entitled to submit the appropriate appeal to the administrative court. Failure to comply with such a requirement results in the fact that the application submitted for the right to assistance does not generate any legal effects. A person applying for aid from the state is not yet obliged to bear court costs. There is also no need to provide such persons with professional legal assistance in proceedings before administrative authorities. This situation makes it impossible to grant the right to assistance due to the systemic limitations. In effect, such a procedure under the application for granting the right to assistance is discontinued as being deemed redundant. Moreover, premature submission of an application for the right to assistance may also reveal additionally that the substantive examination of the complaint or objection is inadmissible.
EN
The curator of the estate may be established by a common court not only from office but also at the request of an administrative court. The rules determining the award of remuneration for actions taken before an administrative court in such a case come from procedural and material law provisions. However, they do not provide in an exhaustive way all the cases of granting remuneration to the curator of the estate in respect of the performed function. As a result, there is a need to solve such problems involving rules that are not explicitly expressed in the applicable regulations. This leaves the possibility to propose solutions for this kind of situation in practice. Due to the demand for consistency of the legal system, it is necessary to attempt to identify the entities responsible for covering receivables on the basis of the applicable regulations. Depending on the actions taken by the curator of the estate, this may be a court of inheritance or a governmental or local government administration body. Due to the postulate of legal certainty, it is necessary to postulate taking into account the legal opinions functioning in the literature in order to introduce regulations that will be considered exhaustive, from the point of view of entities applying the law.
PL
Kurator spadku może zostać ustanowiony przez sąd powszechny nie tylko z urzędu, lecz także na wniosek sądu administracyjnego. Reguły określające przyznanie wynagrodzenia za czynności podejmowane przed sądem administracyjnym w takim przypadku pozostają zawarte w przepisach prawa procesowego oraz prawa materialnego prywatnego. Nie przewidują one jednak w sposób wyczerpujący wszystkich przypadków przyznania wynagrodzenia kuratorowi spadku z tytułu sprawowanej funkcji. W efekcie pojawia się potrzeba rozwiązania takich problemów za pośrednictwem reguł, które nie zostały wprost wyrażone w obowiązujących przepisach. Stwarza to zatem możliwość zaproponowania rozwiązań tego rodzaju sytuacji w praktyce. Z uwagi na postulat zachowania spójności systemu prawa należy podejmować próby określenia podmiotów odpowiedzialnych za pokrycie omawianych należności na podstawie obowiązujących regulacji. W zależności od czynności podejmowanych przez kuratora spadku może to być sąd spadku bądź organ administracji publicznej lub samorządowej. Z uwagi na postulat pewności prawa należy postulować uwzględnienie funkcjonujących w literaturze poglądów prawnych w celu wprowadzenia regulacji, które będą uznawane za wyczerpujące z punktu widzenia podmiotów stosujących prawo.
PL
The present study aims to reconstruct selected issues related to the position of the curator of the estate proceedings before administrative courts. The analysis includes basically applicable procedural regulations supplemented with practice shaped by courts (both administrative courts and common courts). Determining the scope of application of the regulations in force is to facilitate the answer to the question regarding the possibility of applying for the right of assistance by the curator of the estate. The reconstructed model of proceeding in Polish legal system taking into account not only the views presented in the literature, but also the views extracted from previous court records. As a consequence, the article attempts to combine theoretical views with practical views derived from the jurisprudence of administrative courts and common courts.
EN
The guardian of inheritance may initiate proceedings before an administrative court when the interests of unknown heirs so require e.g. due to the need to determine the tax liability included in the estate. In the case of lodging a complaint to the administrative court by the guardian, he may apply for exemption from court costs because he has not been relieved expressis verbis from incurring them under the law. The guardian of the inheritance may also apply for the appointment of an public attorney because of the right to court, especially when a professional representative is required to draft an appeal. Not always the guardian is a professional attorney advocate, legal counselor, tax advisor who can submit such a remedy by representing the interests of unknown heirs within. In the case of submitting the application with demand of granting the right of assistance it should have been taken into account that the guardian represents the interests of the inheritance. In consequence, the application should present actual information about the inheritance.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the basic problems of submitting preliminary questions tho the European Court of Justice by Polish administrative courts. The author descibes the issuses related to the object of legal question i.e. the scope and contents of a request for interpretation of provisions of the Community law. The paper also presents the issuses related to the procedure and form of submitting a preliminary question and the results thereof for the main proceedings pending. The problem if a court submitting a preliminary question should suspens the proceedings or adjourn the hearing of the case and whether the discusions of the court in that respect may appeled against is of particular importance. Apart from presenting specific practical information on the institition of preliminary question and its role in the system of interpretation of law as well as presenting the judicial decisions of the polish administrative courts, the author analysed the activity of courts in application of the pro - Community interpretation using examples. It was to prove that such interpretation not only changes the existing understanding of polish law but also eliminates the specific provisions if, in the court’s opinion, they contadict the Community law. In the end of the analysis of judicial decisions the author formulates the conclusion that the administrative courts generalny accept the principle of the pro – Community interpretation being convicted that the polish judicial decisions have become an integral part of the Community system of judicature.
EN
The general framework for spending the EU budget, adopted by authorized institutions, is to contribute to the implementation of the strategic development goals set by individual Member States. It is up to national legislators to develop and specify such regulations, who remain authorized to issue relevant normative acts in accordance with the applicable institutional and procedural autonomy (Galetta 2010). In the Polish legal system, the legislator adopts appropriate statutory regulations for each successive programming period of the EU budget. Under the cohesion a co-financing agreement and on the basis of an administrative decision has been retained. So far, the concept introduced in this way had different meanings depending on the content of the provisions formulated by the EU legislator and the national legislator. Therefore, it was necessary to take into account the definition of „beneficiary” contained in both separate provisions of national law and European law, often also taking into account the specificity of the purpose of individual funds. The legal definitions introduced in this respect had a specific scope of validity. However, it was not always identical to the intentions of the national legislator. At the same time, there were systemic factors which, on the one hand, extended the scope of application of the introduced legal definitions, and, on the other hand, limited them.
PL
Ogólne ramy wydatkowania unijnego budżetu, przyjęte przez upoważnione do tego instytucje, mają przyczynić się do realizacji wyznaczonych strategicznych celów rozwojowych przez poszczególne państwa członkowskie. Rozwinięcie i uszczegółowienie takich uregulowań należy do krajowych legislatorów, którzy pozostają upoważnieni do wydania stosownych aktów normatywnych zgodnie z obowiązującą autonomią instytucjonalną i proceduralną (Galetta 2010). W polskim systemie prawnym ustawodawca przyjmuje stosowne uregulowania ustawowe na każde kolejne okresy programowania unijnego budżetu. W ramach polityki spójności zachowano takie samo określenie i rozumienie podmiotu uzyskującego środki publiczne na podstawie umowy o dofinansowanie oraz na podstawie decyzji administracyjnej. Tak wprowadzone pojęcie dotychczas posiadało różne znaczenia w zależności od treści przepisów sformułowanych przez ustawodawcę unijnego i ustawodawcę krajowego. Istniała zatem konieczność uwzględnienia definicji „beneficjenta” zawartych zarówno w odrębnych przepisach prawa krajowego, jak i prawa unijnego niejednokrotnie również z uwzględnieniem specyfiki przeznaczenia poszczególnych funduszy. Wprowadzone w tym względzie definicje legalne miały określony zakres obowiązywania. Nie zawsze pozostawał on jednak identyczny z intencjami krajowego ustawodawcy. Jednocześnie występowały czynniki systemowe, które z jednej strony rozszerzały zakres zastosowania wprowadzonych definicji legalnych, a z drugiej strony je ograniczały.
EN
The term ‘beneficiary’ used for the purposes of spending the EU aid funds was introduced into the Polish legal system before Poland became member of the European Union. Initially, the national legislator used this term only in the domestic regulations on the basis of which public funds were transferred. Over time, the legislator also introduced the definition of the beneficiary to national regulations adapted to the needs of the cohesion policy. It can be observed that the legislator, while initially providing own definitions of the beneficiary, recently has only referred to particular provisions of the directly applicable EU regulations. Obviously, national authorities must operate in an integrated legal system, in which there are many sources of binding law that define ‘beneficiaries of funds allocated to the implementation of the cohesion policy’. In this context, one can speak of the Europeanisation of national law with regard to the implemented policy.
EN
Defining a given concept by the legislator may result in consequences exceeding the scope of application of a single legal act. This is undoubtedly the case with the definition of a beneficiary, which was introduced by national legal provisions. On the one hand, it required taking into account concepts that were universal for the entire legal system. On the other hand, it was limited by the regulations that were applicable to the implementation of specific strategic goals set by individual operational programs. The indicated conditions should be taken into account in the process of interpreting the concept of an entity entitled to benefit from EU funds. At the same time, the legislative structure applied required taking into account claims presented by legal scholars and commentators and judicial decisions. The presented views on the definition of the concept of “beneficiary” used in the framework of the cohesion policy have primarily a descriptive aspect, but they are part of a broader scope of the normative concept of legal interpretation.
PL
Zdefiniowanie określonego pojęcia najczęściej ma zastosowanie do konkretnego aktu prawnego. W praktyce jednak wprowadzona definicja może mieć szersze znaczenie systemowe. Z taką sytuacją mamy do czynienia w przypadku definicji beneficjenta, która – została wprowadzona krajowymi przepisami prawnymi. Z jednej strony wymaga ona uwzględnienia pojęć o charakterze uniwersalnym dla całego systemu prawnego. Z drugiej jednak jest ograniczana regulacjami stosowanymi przy realizacji określonych celów strategicznych wyznaczonych przez poszczególne programy operacyjne. Zasygnalizowane uwarunkowania powinny być brane pod uwagę w procesie wykładni pojęcia podmiotu uprawnionego do skorzystania ze środków unijnych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza definicji beneficjenta środków unijnych przeznaczonych na realizację polityki spójności. Z uwagi na obszerność tematyki przeprowadzoną analizę ograniczono do ustawy o Narodowym Planie Rozwoju oraz ustawy o zasadach prowadzenia polityki rozwoju, co wiązało się z uwzględnieniem pojęcia beneficjenta stosowanego jeszcze przed dniem akcesji, a także z zastosowaniem podobnych, ale bardziej rozbudowanych konstrukcji, które zostały wprowadzone później do krajowego systemu prawnego. W konsekwencji w opracowaniu zastosowano zarówno metodę historyczną, jak i metodę dogmatyczno-analityczną. W pewnej mierze uwzględniono również metodę analizy pojęciowej w zakresie odnoszącym się do definicji beneficjenta oraz poszczególnych jej części składowych. Na tej podstawie możliwe było sformułowanie ogólnych twierdzeń dotyczących zarówno podmiotowych, jak i przedmiotowych ograniczeń związanych z możliwością uzyskania statusu beneficjenta.
EN
When establishing the vacatio legis period, the legislator should take into account all the circumstances surrounding the entry into force of a legal act. An issue so far overlooked is the total number of legal acts coming into force at the same time. The aim of the study was to determine if there are statistically significant differences in the number of acts and regulations coming into force in individual months over the years 1992–2018. Those have been confirmed for various times of the year. The authors suggest a more even distribution of changes is needed for almost all months of the year. Otherwise, according to the authors, this may mean a violation of the principle of adequate vacatio legis and the principle of the individual’s trust in the state and the law underpinning it.
PL
Ustanawiając okres vacatio legis prawodawca powinien wziąć pod uwagę całokształt okoliczności towarzyszących wejściu w życie aktu prawnego. Do tej pory pomijano ogólną liczbę aktów prawnych wchodzących w życie w tym samym czasie. Celem badania było określenie, czy istnieją istotne statystycznie różnice w liczbie ustaw i rozporządzeń wchodzących w życie w poszczególnych miesiącach na przestrzeni lat 1992–2018. Istnienie różnic potwierdzono analizą zebranych danych. Autorzy postulują bardziej równomierne rozłożenie zmian w prawie na wszystkie miesiące roku. Przeciwny wypadek może – zdaniem autorów – oznaczać to naruszenie zasady odpowiedniej vacatio legis oraz będącej jej podstawą zasady zaufania jednostki do państwa i stanowionego przez nie prawa.   When establishing the vacatio legis period, the legislator should take into account all the circumstances surrounding the entry into force of a legal act. An issue so far overlooked is the total number of legal acts coming into force at the same time. The aim of the study was to determine if there are statistically significant differences in the number of acts and regulations coming into force in individual months over the years 1992–2018. Those have been confirmed for various times of the year. The authors suggest a more even distribution of changes is needed for almost all months of the year. Otherwise, according to the authors, this may mean a violation of the principle of adequate vacatio legis and the principle of the individual’s trust in the state and the law underpinning it.
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