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Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
|
2018
|
vol. 61
|
issue 4
209-234
EN
The problem undertaken in the article is of a practical nature. It arose from the conflict of commercial interests between the businessmen allied with their consumers - on the one hand, and the artistic activity sector (authors, performers, producers) - on the other. Legal provisions of the Polish Act on Copyright and Related Rights (1994) and Act on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights (2018) are the main legal basis applying to that question. According to this regulations, collective management organizations - acting on behalf of the authors, performers, producers of audiovisual works, producers of phonograms and videograms - have been authorized to permit (licence) and collect remuneration for the such replaying of the goods protected by copyright and related rights. The common, out of legal and critical perception of this system functioning in practice - mainly concerning the way of concluding agreement, calculating and collecting the fees – indicates incorrectly its public law origin. It has been noticed, that quite often selfish and dominating behavior of collecting societies towards its contractors, and sometime even rightholders themselves, plays a significant role in deepening this problem. In fact, from the strict legal point of view this institution essentially has pure private law nature.
PL
Problem podjęty w niniejszym artykule ma charakter praktyczny. Wyrósł on na bazie konfliktu majątkowych interesów z jednej strony przedsiębiorców wspieranych przez konsumentów, z drugiej zaś - środowisk twórczych (w tym artystycznych i producenckich). W tej kwestii podstawowe znaczenie ma regulacja zawarta w polskiej Ustawie o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych z 1994 r. i Ustawie o zbiorowym zarzadzaniu prawami autorskimi i prawami pokrewnymi z 2018 r. Na podstawie tych unormowań organizacje zbiorowego zarządzania - działając na rzecz twórców, wykonawców, producentów utworów audiowizualnych oraz producentów fonogramów i wideogramów - zostały uznane za upoważnione do zezwalania (licencja) i pobierania wynagrodzenia w sferze wskazanego odtwarzania dóbr chronionych przez prawo autorskie i prawa pokrewne. Powszechny, nieprawniczy i krytyczny odbiór tego systemu funkcjonującego w praktyce – przede wszystkim sposobu zawierania umów, kalkulacji opłat i ich inkasowania - wskazuje nieprawidłowo na publicznoprawną jego naturę. Dostrzega się, że nierzadkie egocentryczne i dominujące zachowania organizacji zbiorowego zarządzania wobec kontrahentów, a czasami także nawet samych uprawnionych, odgrywa znacząca role pogłębiającą ten problem. W rzeczywistości, ze ściśle prawnego punktu widzenia, instytucja o jakiej mowa, ma w swej istocie czysto prywatnoprawną naturę. Jednakże polski ustawodawca wprowadził w tę dziedzinę pewne instrumenty administracyjnoprawne (w sferze kompetencji Ministra Kultury), które w praktyce mogłyby doprowadzić do przywrócenia równości stron i równowagi ich interesów.
EN
The subject of the present paper concerns the issue of a very significant, current and inspiring deep social interest value, especially in the field of scientific creativity. The notion of autoplagiarism appeared there in the 90’s of the last century and at once it became amazingly popular, achieved enormous “power of effectiveness”, evoking at the same time strong emotions – anxiety, disquiet or even fear. The term of autoplagiarism is a compound verb and this is the second of its component – expression “plagiarism” – that has contributed to this fast career and extraordinary effectiveness, becoming a carrier of a strong pejorative, stigmatizing and disqualifying evaluation. 2. The notion of plagiarism has its origin in the language of ancient Rome – Latin, where gradually as a “plagiatus” it was explicitly associated with a theft. The term “plagiarism” is used by Polish copyright juristic doctrine and judicial decisions in reference to the offence consisting in appropriation of the authorship of the whole or a part of a third person’s work – presenting himself as the author of such a work. On the one hand, the act of plagiarism as an offence brings to civil liability based on the ground of art. 78 Polish Copyright Act of 1994, on the other hand, as a crime brings to criminal liability based on the ground of art. 115 P.C.A. The crime of plagiarism derives from the offence of appropriation of a third person’s property, generally called a theft. This is the reason why plagiarism is commonly identified as a theft and as such is evaluated from the ethical and moral point of view. However, it is necessary to notice and stress a question of a fundamental importance and decisive for final conclusion that plagiarism consists in appropriation of the authorship of a third person’s work – you can neither steal your own property nor your own work. 3. The notion of autoplagiarism is not a normative expression. In the field of academic creativity it has been connected with evaluating of scientific achievements of the representatives of these circles in the context of academic career. That means achieving academic degree of doctor, doctor habilitatus and academic title of professor as well as posts and profits connected with them – prestige, awards, grants, incomes. The task of defining the notion of autoplagiarismis is not easy. It may be accepted that the phenomenon of autoplagiarism is understood as a special form of the author’s repeated distribution of his former publications, however, without providing any proper information about it. The aim of the autoplagiarist’s acting is to enlarge a quantity of his publications and thereby mislead as to the volume of his scientific achievements. 4. The analysis of proper provisions justifies the statement that from the point of view of the normative requirements to grant an academic degree or title, a matter of indifference – featureful however, for plagiarism – is a candidates’ intention to mislead as to the quantity or quality of his scientific achievements. 5. Answering the question asked in the title of the present article – whether autoplagiarism is a plagiarism in the field of scientific creativity – it should be stated that obviously autoplagiarism is not a plagiarism. It is also necessary to notice that the word “autoplagiarism” is an oxymoron from the linguistic point of view and thereby there are a lot of problems to define this notion. The introduction of an expression of autoplagiarism to the sphere of legal language should be in my opinion recognized as useless and even harmful. An acting named by this term may find its place only in the sphere of ethics considerations as an infringement of good academic customs. Therefore, it seems reasonable that the resignation of using the notion of autoplagiarism as hitherto in the mentioned context might be the best solution. However, if it appeared impossible there should be made an effort to redefine this notion, but in my opinion this undertaking has a little chance to be successful.
PL
W przygotowaniu
PL
Niniejsza wypowiedź o charakterze naukowo-badawczym dotyczy prawnoautorskich konsekwencji powstawania dóbr o cechach literackich i artystycznych, będących rezultatem „twórczości” sztucznej inteligencji (AI). Istota problemu – gwałtownie zyskująca znaczenie praktyczne – sprowadza się do odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy obecnie (de lege lata), a także w przyszłości (de lege ferenda) dobra tego typu mogą stanowić przedmiot ochrony prawa autorskiego i kto ewentualnie powinien być uznany za ich twórcę. Przeprowadzona analiza dogmatyczna obowiązującej i znajdującej tu zastosowanie – nie tylko krajowej – materii normatywnej, dorobku nauki i orzecznictwa wskazuje, że de lege lata dobra niematerialne wygenerowane przez AI nie mieszczą się w definicji utworu i nie stanowią przedmiotu prawa autorskiego z tej racji, że nie zostały stworzone przez człowieka. W związku z tym sztuczna inteligencja nie może być uznana za twórcę i przez to wyposażona w podmiotowe prawa autorskie – majątkowe, a tym bardziej osobiste. W perspektywie de lege ferenda postulaty przyznania dobrom AI ochrony poza obszarem prawa autorskiego, np. w ramach praw pokrewnych czy instytucji work made for hire, nie przekonują w pełni ze względów aksjologicznych, tj. trudności związanych ze wskazaniem osoby zasługującej na czerpanie korzyści z takiej ochrony. Nie można też wesprzeć propozycji przyznania praw podmiotowych samej AI, albowiem oznaczałoby to zmianę aksjomatu prawa autorskiego, że twórcą może być tylko człowiek. Jeżeli prawo autorskie ma przetrwać jako prawo twórcy-człowieka – za czym należy się opowiedzieć – to w świetle tej regulacji dobra literackie i artystyczne wygenerowane przez AI powinny pozostać w domenie publicznej.
EN
This research paper concerns the copyright-law consequences of generating literary and artistic creations resulting from the “creative activity” of artificial intelligence (AI). The essence of the problem that rapidly gains practical significance boils down to the question whether, at present (de lege lata) and in the future (de lege ferenda), such creations can be protected under copyright law and who should possibly be considered to be the author. The legal-dogmatic analysis of the normative matter, the current state of science and the case law in force applicable here, shows that under the current legislation the creations generated by AI do not fall within the definition of creative work and do not form the subject of copyright as they were not created by human being. Therefore, the AI may not be considered to be the author and thus endowed with a copyright and even more a moral right to the work. In the de lege ferenda perspective, the proposals to cover AI-generated assets by protection outside the copyright law area, e.g. through related rights or the institution of work made for hire, are not fully convincing for axiological reasons, i.e. the difficulty of identifying a person who deserves to benefit from such protection. Nor can the proposal to grant subjective rights to AI itself be supported, since this would mean changing the axiom of the copyright law, namely that only a human being can be the author. If copyright is to survive as a right of a human creator, which should be advocated, then in the light of this regulation the literary and artistic creations generated by AI should remain in the public domain.
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