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Searching for Progress: Progressivism and the U.S. Supreme Court Jurisprudence (Some Remarks)

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Sokalska E.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

2020

issue 5 (57)

443-462

In American legal historiography, the debate concerning the exact contours and reforms of the Progressive Era is still ongoing. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the American reform movements tried to match American ideals with the challenges of the times. Although progressive attitudes toward the economy, taxation, foreign policy, labor law, social standards, human rights, women’s suffrage, rapid urbanization and unrestricted immigration highlighted the necessity of reforms, such progress was seen from a variety of perspectives. We may ask the question if American legal thought that time was really progressive. The jurisprudence of the U.S. Supreme Court profoundly influenced the shape of the legal order in economic and labor law. Unfortunately, some decisions were not compatible with the visions of progressive reformers and reflected the ideological attitudes of the justices rather than an aspiration for reform.

Mająca miejsce w amerykańskiej historiografii debata dotycząca właściwych ram czasowych oraz reform, jakie zostały przedsięwzięte w Erze progresywnej, trwa po dzień dzisiejszy. Organizacje i ruchy reformatorskie, które zintensyfikowały swą działalność w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach XIX w. oraz na początku XX w., dążyły do tego, aby dostosować amerykańskie rozwiązana do ówczesnych wyzwań. Jakkolwiek progresywne podejście do gospodarki, podatków, polityki zagranicznej, prawa pracy, standardów społecznych, praw człowieka, praw wyborczych kobiet, szybkiej urbanizacji czy imigracji bez ograniczeń podkreślały konieczność reform, to jednak progres był rozważany z różnorodnej perspektywy. Czy ówczesna amerykańska myśl prawna oraz orzecznictwo Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych rozwijały się zgodnie z ideałami tegoż nurtu? Orzecznictwo Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych w sposób znaczący wpłynęło na porządek prawny w zakresie ekonomii i prawa pracy. Niestety, część decyzji sądu nie była kompatybilna z wizją progresywnych reformatorów, gdyż bardziej odzwierciedlała przekonania ideologiczne sędziów niż ich inklinacje w kierunku reform.

Deliberative democracy in the time of crisis: participatory instruments at the local level and their limitations (some remarks)

100%

Sokalska E.

Journal of Modern Science

2020

issue 2/45/2020

153-168

Objectives: The study provides the reader with the presentation of one of participatory instruments - social consultations at the level of gmina administrative district. The aim of the article is to determine if the participatory instruments at the level of the basic unit of Polish local self-government were limited at the time when some new legal steps were undertaken by the Polish authorities during the coronavirus crisis (April-July 2020). Material and methods: In this particular study theoretical analysis and legal methods (including formal legal method) were applied to approach the raised questions and to formulate conclusions. Results: In Poland, during the so-called ‘lock-down’ (April-May 2020), the most popular participatory instruments at the local level - social consultations were able to work. If opinions and projects submitted for consultations were not intended to be held in person, the electronic system was working, therefore the inhabitants of gmina were able to send an electronic version of a prepared form. If the consultations were intended to be held personally, they should have been rescheduled. In the context of the latest events concerning COVID-19 crisis, we may observe the development of the activities of administrative and local bodies which are in connection with the idea of the so-called ‘digital state’. Conclusions: The diversity of forms of public participation gives a real opportunity to shape the policies of a state, region, or local government. Polish local self-governmental bodies develop some new tools and forms of communication. Information and communication technologies provide municipalities with the freedom of participation in a decision-making process, and give a real opportunity to faster exchange of information and answers to the local problems.

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1 Journal of Modern Science

1 Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

2 Sokalska E.

2 2020

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Searching for Progress: Progressivism and the U.S. Supreme Court Jurisprudence (Some Remarks)

Deliberative democracy in the time of crisis: participatory instruments at the local level and their limitations (some remarks)