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THE MEASUREMENT OF OPTIMISM: THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE HUNGARIAN VERSION OF THE REVISED LIFE ORIENTATION TEST (LOT–R)

100%
Bérdi M., Köteles F.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2010
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vol. 65
|
issue 2
273-294
EN
The Life Orientation Test (LOT), developed by Scheier and Carver (1985), is the most widely used measure of trait optimism. The predictive power of optimism for (physical) health (i.e. number of physical symptoms, speed of recovery, mortality and immune functions) was proved in a number of studies. However, the original (LOT) and revised (LOT–R) versions of the measure, and the construct of optimism have been and are criticized by many. These critiques include, on the one hand, the factor structure of the scale, and, on the other hand, the discriminant validity of trait optimism, i.e. the third variable problem. After the brief review of the scale and the construct, and their critiques, we present the validity and reliability data, and the results of our exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the sample data. The computed psychometric properties suggest that the Hungarian version of the LOT–R exhibits a good level of reliability and validity, but data bearing on its factor structure did not support unambiguously either the scale’s uni- or multidimensionality.
2

MODELING COGNITION IN AUTISM: A BRIEF REVIEW OF CONNECTIONIST SIMULATIONS

81%
Várnagy Z., Győri M., Bérdi M.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2011
|
vol. 66
|
issue 2
335-360
EN
Autism is one of the most intensively investigated human neurocognitive disorders. This distinguished interest has several reasons; such as the significance of the affected cognitive mechanisms, the relatively high incidence and complexity of the disorder, and also the expectation that results from autism research can contribute substantially to the understanding of typical cognitive development and functioning, too. Connectionism is a specific mathematical tool-kit, inspired by the neural system, applied for modeling cognitive functions, and especially for modeling developmental aspects and knowledge acquisition. The aim of this paper is to review briefly the attempts that have been made to date to model various cognitive characteristics of autism by connectionist means; the specific tools used, and their most important findings. Special attention is paid to modeling atypical categorisation processes observable in this disorder, as well as to the overall perspectives and limitations for applying connectionism in modeling autism.
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