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EN
This paper seeks answers to the following two research questions: whether it is possible to have democracy without people (here as an example of democracy at the supranational level in the EU), and what are the sources of such a democracy, if the source is not a nation, and the area is not a state? This paper provides a new approach to the theory of democracy and postulates to integrate a new type of democracy and traditional concept of democracy. The main theoretical paradigm on which the theory was based is supranationalism with elements of the theory of democracy and Multi-level Governance (MLG). Supranational democracy in the European Union is located on a supranational level of MLG, which means that it is not assigned to the state and – importantly – in practice demonstrates that it does not have to have a national character. The text presents a preliminary attempt at a theoretical analysis related to supranational democracy in the EU. In practice, the author goes towards identifying the constituent components of the concept of “supranational democracy” and the sources of this phenomenon in the European Union.
EN
The author of the study aims to investigate the location of OLAF in the multi-level governance system (MLG) of the European Union with specific interinstitutional consequences of such location, assuming that OLAF is not a classical supranational institution. If OLAF as an agent and supervisor has control powers over supranational institutions, including its principal, a supranational European Commission, it is unlikely that it would also be a supranational institution.Two theoretical and methodological tools were used in this research: Principal/Agent Theory and Principal/Supervisor/Agent Theory.
PL
Autor opracowania stawia sobie za cel zbadanie usytuowania OLAF-u w systemie wielopoziomowego zarządzania UE (Multi-level Governance - MLG) wraz z określonymi interinstytucjonalnymi zależnościami i konsekwencjami takiego usytuowania, przy założeniu, że OLAF nie jest klasyczną instytucją ponadnarodową. Skoro OLAF jako agent i supervisor posiada kompetencje kontrolne nad instytucjami ponadnarodowymi, w tym nad swoim mocodawcą, jakim jest ponadnarodowa Komisja Europejska, to mało prawdopodobne jest, aby był także instytucją ponadnarodową.W badaniach wykorzystano dwa narzędzia teoretyczno-metodologiczne: Principal/Agent Theory oraz Principal/Supervisor/Agent Theory.
PL
Europeizacja jest procesem, ale teoria europeizacji jest teorią wpływu rozumianą jako sprzężenie zwrotne pomiędzy Unią Europejską a jej krajami członkowskimi oraz organizacjami międzynarodowymi i państwami trzecimi, a ponadto pomiędzy UE a osobami (zarówno obywatelami UE, jak i obywatelami krajów spoza UE). W badaniu wpływu integracji europejskiej (w tym Unii Europejskiej) na osoby (tutaj przede wszystkim na urzędników Rady Unii Europejskiej) powinno się zauważyć, że nie jest to europeizacja top down ani europeizacja bottom up, zresztą nie jest to także europeizacja ad extra ani ad intra. Celem tego artykułu jest zbadanie tylko jednego typu europeizacji, którym jest europeizacja ad personam (EAP), przy użyciu narzędzi należących do teorii konstruktywizmu.
EN
Europeanisation is a process, but theory of Europeanisation is a theory of impact and influence configured as a feedback between the EU and its member states, as well as international organisations, third states, and furthermore, between the EU and persons (both citizens of the EU and the citizens of the states outside of the EU). In researching the impact of European integration (and the EU itself) on specific persons, one should note that, for instance, Europeanisation of the Council of the EU officials is neither top- -down nor bottom-up Europeanisation, nor is it ad extra or ad intra one. The purpose of this article is to sequentially examine only one type of Europeanisation, namely ad personam (EAP), with the use of tools applied in constructivism. The study of ad personam Europeanisation is conducted here on the example of the Council of the European Union (CEU) officials.
EN
This paper investigates the variations in concepts of the supranationalism in the international relations and the mechanism of its constructing. Author distinguished a few levels in the process of creation of supranationalism in the international conduct. The first – states are creating of international institutions. Second – delegation of national functions on the level of international institutions. Third – Emancipating of the delegated functions on the supranational institutionalised level. Fourth – Supranational institutions are using of exclusive functions. Supranationalism constitutes the high level of international and de facto intergovernmental cooperation because this concept implies the acceleration of an ongoing proces of real integration in Europe. It is the concept very new and relatively rarely used in the international system. Author concludes with a review of some empirical developments of supranational cooperation in the European Communities. In this connection it is necessary to situate the supranationalism as a new experiment in the European Union, and especially in their institutional Framework. This Location helps recognise the role and first of all influential role of supranationalism in the context of interinstitutional relations and relations between states and supranational institutions in the EU.
EN
The aim of the analysis is, on the one hand, to reconstruct the difussed features, assumptions and thoughts concerning both the present state of the European Union and its future shape and place of Poland in this organization, characterizing the discourse conducted by PIS, and on the other hand, an attempt to support these features and assumptions with specific terms, designates and markers that are not only a component of this discourse, but also create a certain more or less logical set of statements defining the European Union and the process of European integration, which were used by prominent representatives of this political party. The leading theoretical paradigm of explanation is poststructuralism, which in such a research problem gives the possibility of using the method of discourse analysis, which is an operationalized system of marking political practice and the real political environment, because articulation constitutes the subject of research, and not only signifies and explains it.
PL
Celem podjętej analizy jest z jednej strony rekonstrukcja rozproszonych cech, założeń i myśli dotyczących zarówno obecnego stanu Unii Europejskiej, jak i jej przyszłego kształtu oraz miejsca Polski w tej organizacji, charakteryzujących dyskurs prowadzony przez PIS, a z drugiej strony próba wsparcia tych cech i założeń konkretnymi określeniami, desygnatami i znacznikami, które nie tylko są składową tego dyskursu, ale także tworzą pewien mniej lub bardziej logiczny zbiór twierdzeń definiujących i określających Unię Europejską oraz proces integracji europejskiej, które były używane przez prominentnych przedstawicieli tej partii politycznej. Wiodącym teoretycznym systemem wyjaśniania jest poststrukturalizm, który w tak postawionym problemie badawczym daje możliwość zastosowania metody analizy dyskursu (discourse analysis) będącej zoperacjonalizowanym systemem oznaczania praktyki politycznej i realnego otoczenia politycznego, gdyż artykulacja konstytuuje przedmiot badań, a nie tylko go oznacza i wyjaśnia.
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