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1

O funkcjonowaniu administracji w PRL uwag kilka

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Machnikowska A.
Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem
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2012
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vol. 34
|
issue 3
75-96
EN
The decisive influence on the functioning of administration in the Polish People’s Republic was exerted both by the new and faulty organization of its structures and by the significant in­crease of powers which were conferred on it, in connection with simultaneous transfer of the deci­sion-making center beyond administrative structures, to the level of single-party’s (Polish United Workers’ Party) leadership. In consequence, such a development led to the substantial limitation of the guarantees of protection of citizens’ rights and to the diminished efficacy of the economic system. Further negative results were also generated by the inconsistency of the Marxist-Leninist ideology with the state’s policies ostensibly based upon this political philosophy. Therefore, not only the substance of new rules often became problematic, but also the discretionary character of the rules’ execution. Authorities responsible for such a state of affairs attempted to contradict these facts, focusing their attention on propagating two theses derived from Marxist-Leninist ideology, concerning, first, alleged vanishing of every antagonism between the state with its ad­ministrative agendas and an individual and, second, supposedly steadily accelerating economic progress of our country. Both of these assumptions were used to explain the abolition of many security mechanisms, the enlargement of the ius publicum boundaries and the exclusion of all subjects, with the exception of the government, from participating in fulfilling social needs. These circumstances played an important role in the development of the science of administrative law and of the theory of organization. Both these scholarly disciplines were governed by the assump­tion that in order to successfully liquidate an administration (in accordance with the dogma of so­cialist development), it needs to be strengthened beforehand. The establishment of administrative control (at the beginning, without an appeal instance) was the only important reform introduced during this period. Chief Administrative Court commenced its activities on the 1st of October, 1980. At the same time, other guarantees of the rights of parties’ to the administrative proceed­ings also became strengthened, for example by reducing a number of specificities connected with the so-called “special proceedings” and by renouncing certain informal practices which had been invalidated by CAC. Nevertheless, the new systemic rules in the field of administrative law came into existence only at the turn of the eighties.
2

Wpływ ustawodawstwa stanu wojennego na prawo cywilne w Polsce

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Machnikowska A.
Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem
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2017
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vol. 39
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issue 3
23-47
EN
The author seeks to determine the impact of the legislation that emerged in connection with the introduction of martial law in Poland in 1981 on civil law. She starts by referring to axiology as well as the basic principles of civil law in the socialist state. This provides abackground for her discussion of the changes introduced after 13 December 1981. In her conclusion the author notes that even today there are still unresolved problems concerning damages and compensation for losses suffered during the martial law period by individuals who were interned as well as those who suf­fered injuries or were forced to emigrate. Some judges are not familiar with the legislation in force at the time and with the consequences of its application, as can be seen in rulings and statements of reasons dismissing some of the claims.
3
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Group of companies in insolvency and restructuring proceedings: common solutions for common problems. A comparative perspective

39%
Benedetti L., Galanti L., Jesus R., Kruczalak-Jankowska J., Machnikowska A., Maśnicka M.
Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego
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2021
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issue 5
2-17
PL
Działalność gospodarcza prowadzona przez zorganizowane grupy spółek jest niezwykle popularna nie tylko w Unii Europejskiej. Natomiast wykonywanie działalności wiąże się nierozerwalnie z możliwością popadnięcia w stan niewypłacalności, w tym także o charakterze transgranicznym. Artykuł przedstawia regulacje dotyczące niewypłacalności przedsiębiorstw, zawarte w aktach ponadnarodowych (UNCITRAL Legislative Guide on Insolvency oraz rozporządzeniu UE 2015/848 w sprawie postępowania upadłościowego), a także w przepisach prawa krajowego czterech państw członkowskich UE - Włoch, Holandii, Polski i Portugalii. Jak pokazują badania prowadzone przez naukowców z wymienionych krajów w ramach projektu ACURIA, każdy z tych krajów umożliwia prowadzenie postępowań upadłościowych w odniesieniu do grup kapitałowych, jednak istnieją pewne różnice co do ich podstawy (są to albo akty prawne, albo ustalona praktyka stosowania prawa, jak np. w Holandii), zakresu (koordynacja, konsolidacja proceduralna lub konsolidacja merytoryczna) oraz realizacji (jurysdykcja sądów i powołanie sędziów nadzorczych lub zarządców). W artykule porównano regulacje przyjęte przez te państwa i wskazano na bariery efektywnego postępowania. Chociaż istnieją pewne różnice, większość rozwiązań jest, zdaniem autorów, podobna. W większości porządków prawnych pozwalają one na konsolidację postępowań lub koordynację spraw i są zgodne z europejskim prawem upadłościowym (także z tzw. soft law).
EN
Corporate groups regardless of their structure are a common phenomenon in conducting business activity, therefore there was a need to address the problem of insolvency of such groups by legislators. The following paper presents regulations regarding corporate insolvency provided in both supranational acts (UNCITRAL Legislative Guide on Insolvency and EU Regulation 2015/848 on insolvency proceeding), as well as in national laws of four EU Member States - Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and Portugal. As shown in the study, each of the above mentioned countries allows conducting insolvency proceedings with respect to corporate groups, albeit with some differences as to its basis (legal acts or legal practise), scope (coordination, procedural consolidation or substantial consolidation) and implementation (court jurisdiction and appointment of supervisory judges or insolvency practitioners). In the paper we compare the regulations adopted by the states in question and point out some obstacles for effective proceedings. Despite some differences, we find most of the solutions similar as they allow consolidation or coordination of cases, and they are in line with the European law on insolvency.
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