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Społeczne uwarunkowania stanu zdrowia w Polsce

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Sowa A.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 2
28–37
EN
The article is devoted to recognition of social inequalities in health status in Poland in 1998 and 2004 based on statistical analysis of survey data collected by the Central Statistical Office (GUS). Social inequalities in health are discussed in the framework of theoretical approaches explaining health variations. Social gradient is measured by the level of education. The analysis shows that educational inequalities in health are not only existing, but persistent and – as in other developed countries – tend to increase over time even though the overall health status of the population has been improving. Poor health can be attributed to poverty, involvement in unhealthy behavior (especially smoking) and insufficient social networking resulting in poor social support.
2
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Schmerz und Leid in „Das bittere Leiden unsers Herrn Jesu Christi nach den Betrachtungen der gottseligen A. K. Emmerich” (1833) von Clemens Brentano

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Sowa A.
Studia Germanica Gedanensia
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2016
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issue 34
83-93
EN
The paper discusses the representations of pain and suffering in Clemens Brentano’s „Das bittere Leiden unseres Herrn Jesu Christi nach den Betrachtungen der gottseligen A.K. Emmerich” [The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ]. It concerns not only the Passion of Christ but also the image of a visionary, a stigmatised nun. The aim of this study was to analyse the functions of hyperbole as well as pain which is the consequence of reading about suffering. The author of the paper suggests that one should look at the text using the category of an ‘inner truth’ that does not have to be identified with the truth of the verifiable details.
DE
Im Artikel wird die Art und Weise analysiert, wie das Leiden sowohl in den Beschreibungen der Passion Christi als auch in dem den eigentlichen Text der Betrachtungen ergänzenden Lebenslauf von Emmerich, der die Frage nach dem Sinn des freiwillig auf sich genommenen Leidens stellt, präsentiert wird. Es werden die Funktionen geschildert, die der oft angewandten Hyperbel zugeschrieben werden. Angesprochen wird auch das Problem des Schmerzes, der mit dem Lesen über das Leiden selbst verbunden ist. Signalisiert wird  auch die Möglichkeit die von Brentano aufgeschriebenen und teilweise literarisch überarbeiteten Visionen von Emmerich als einen Text zu verstehen, der eine innere Wahrheit vermittelt, die nicht unbedingt an der faktografischen Wahrheit gemessen werden muss.
3
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Zu ausgewählten Aspekten des (Un-)Menschlichen im lyrischen Werk von Justinus Kerner

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Sowa A.
Studia Germanica Gedanensia
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2019
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issue 40
131-141
EN
The article deals with Justinus Kerner’s (1786–1862) lyric poetry. In his works, it is evident that he is fascinated by the question of the presence of the spirits in the earthly world and the mystery of the inner life. That can be observed e.g. in his well-known text The Seeress of Prevorst. The paper focuses on the insights into human nature, the intermeshing of the material world and the world of spirits that Justinus Kerner gained in his poetry. The paper takes a closer look especially at the death motifs in Kerner’s poetry.
PL
Gegenstand der Analyse sind ausgewählte lyrische Texte von Justinus Kerner, in dessen Werk sich die Faszination für die Frage nach der Präsenz der Welt der Geister in der irdischen kundtut, was zum Beispiel in seinem berühmten Text Die Seherin von Prevorst sichtbar wird. Das Anliegen des Beitrags ist es, zu untersuchen, welche Beobachtungen sich in Bezug auf die Natur des Menschen, das (Un-)Menschliche im Menschen, und die Verflechtung der materiellen und geistigen Welt in Kerners lyrischem Werk anstellen lassen. Insbesondere wird die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Todesmotivik fokussiert.
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Manifestationen des Unaussprechlichen in Martin Mosebachs Roman "Was davor geschah"

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Sowa A.
Studia Germanica Gedanensia
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2018
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issue 38
121-131
EN
The article deals with two main dimensions of inexpressibility in Martin Mosebach’s novel “What was before”. One of them are the reflexions of the narrator concerning the (im-)possibility of storytelling in general and the question of representation. The other are the images that trouble the protagonist Hans-Jörg as a field of inexplicability and inexpressibility, which in the novel is connected with the problem of world cognition.
PL
Im Beitrag werden zwei Hauptebenen untersucht, auf denen das Unaussprechliche im Roman „Was davor geschah“ von Martin Mosebach präsent ist. Zum einen werden explicit Reflexionen des Erzählers analysiert, die sich auf die Möglichkeit der sprachlichen Vermittlung einer Geschichte beziehen, sich also mit der Frage der Repräsentation, der Darstellbarkeit der Welt befassen. Zum anderen werden die den Protagonisten Hans-Jörg quälenden Bilder als Bereiche des Unerklärlichen und Unaussprechlichen der Analyse unterzogen, die im Roman mit der Frage nach der Welterkenntnis in Zusammenhang stehen.
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Kunst des Wartens – Zeitempfinden in Martin Mosebachs Roman Mogador (2016)

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Sowa A.
Studia Litteraria Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
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2021
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vol. 16
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issue 1
49-59
EN
Martin Mosebach’s novel Mogador confronts two cultures; the protagonist, a young, successful, German bank employee must spend some weeks in Morocco among the locals. He has to deal with foreign customs and another rhythm of life among people who seem to have much more time and don’t have to subject themselves to the pressure of the clock. The article focuses on the depictions of time perception (e.g. during leisure time, meals, waiting, etc.), which seems to be one of the most important differences between them. The article aims to describe the human longing for dignified handling of time, for slow life, which seems to be a yearning hidden under the anxiety and speed of the modern world.
PL
Powieść Martina Mosebacha Mogador konfrontuje dwie kultury. Bohater – młody, odnoszący sukcesy pracownik banku z Niemiec – musi spędzić kilka tygodni w Maroku wśród jego mieszkańców. Musi zmierzyć się z obcymi zwyczajami i innym rytmem życia ludzi, którzy wydają się mieć znacznie więcej czasu i nie muszą poddawać się jego presji. W artykule skupiono się na przedstawieniach percepcji czasu (np. w czasie wolnym, w trakcie posiłków czy oczekiwania), która wydaje się jedną z najważniejszych różnic pomiędzy kulturą europejską a marokańską. Artykuł ma na celu opisanie ludzkiej tęsknoty za godnym przeżywaniem czasu, za tzw. slow life, która wydaje się pragnieniem ukrytym pod niepokojem i szybkością współczesnego świata.
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Healthy ageing as a visible public health activity and governmental responsibility. Health promotion for older people in the Czech Republic. Institutional and financial dimension

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Sowa A., Szetela A.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2017
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vol. 15
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issue 1
85-95
EN
The health status of the Czech population has been improving over the past decades. The life expectancy increased from 67.6 for men/75.5 for women in 1990 to 75.9 for men/82.1 for women in 2014, becoming one of the highest in the Central and Eastern European region. Still, the older population faces many health risks related to obesity, high alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and smoking. Over half of the population above the age of 65 suffers from long-lasting illnesses and over half of the population above the age of 75 reports limitation in activities.  Health promotion for older people in the Czech Republic is growing in importance. There have been nationwide health promotion programmes against the main civilisation diseases, which older people could benefit from. In recent years two strategic programmes: the National Strategy for Health Protection and Promotion and Disease Prevention and the National Action Plan for Positive Ageing for the period of 2013–2017 came into existence with healthy ageing being an important target for both of them.  Health promotion policy is strongly centralised, supervised on the one hand by the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health and on the other hand by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. At the same time, the activity of local governments and – especially – non-governmental organisations is important in supporting visible health promotion programmes for older people at the local level. 
7
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Zasoby kadr dla sektora zdrowotnego. Dotychczasowe tendencje i prognozy

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Golinowska S., Kocot E., Sowa A.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2013
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vol. 11
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issue 2
PL
Human resources in health care. Up-to–date trends and projectionsThe article presents the diagnosis of trends in health care sector personnel in Poland, particularly physicians and nurses, and projections of the future personnel taking into account population ageing. The article is based on the NEUJOBS project research performed within the European Commission 7th Framework Programme. The analysis and projections use quantitative data: administrative, Eurostat data and GUS survey results. The density of employment of the health personnel per 1000 inhabitants is lower in Poland than in other EU-countries. In the future the demand for the medical personnel will be growing due to the increased needs for health care and ageing. The projections show that shortages of personnel will be faced by hospitals, particularly for specializations related to treatment of chronic diseases, while this is not the case in primary care. The size of the demand for medical personnel will be subjected to increase in technical efficiency of hospitals.
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A Greek tragedy of our time? Institutional and financial dimension of Health Promotion for Older People in Greece

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Pavlova M., Skalkidis Y., Groot W., Sowa A., Golinowska S.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2017
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vol. 15
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issue 1
62-68
EN
Despite the numerous legislative documents and public health institutions in Greece, the country lacks a comprehensive and robust long-term policy perspective in the public health area. The traditionally higher priority attached to curative care than to public health actions, is the major reason of the shortcomings. This country report draws upon several national reports focused on the Greek health system, and other country-specific sources in order to outline the major institutional and financing challenges for health promotion in Greece, and specifically health promotion for older adults. The paper is based on the method of narrative literature review. The findings show that health promotion actions for elderly persons do take place in Greece but mainly in urban areas and/or within the framework of EU-funded projects. Government efforts are required to stimulate coordinated public health interventions at the local level focusing on the positive effects of health promotion. The health promotion programs that are successfully implemented, should receive the necessary government support to assure their long-term sustainability. 
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Health promotion for older people in Lithuania: Between bureaucratic and financial constraints

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Pavlova M., Murauskienė L., Miteniece E., Sowa A., Kowalska-Bobko I., Domagała A., Groot W.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2017
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vol. 15
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issue 1
116-124
EN
The health system in Lithuania has a strong focus on hospital treatment. Overall, there is a lack of sufficient funds explicitly devoted to public health. This country report draws upon several national reports focused on the Lithuanian health system and other country-specific sources in order to outline the major institutional and financing challenges for health promotion in Lithuania, specifically for older adults. As suggested in our review, the key problems in public health services in Lithuania, including health promotion for older persons, are the bureaucratic and financial constraints, a lack of intersectoral cooperation, staff shortages and capacity problems. The implementations of public health initiatives greatly depend on the political will and the government’s ability to implement policies, which are still weak in Lithuania. Moreover, the public health legislation lacks clarity and fails to provide an adequate base for local-level evidence-based interventions. Concrete action plans, as those recently developed in the area of healthy aging and health inequalities, are needed to provide guidance for health promotion among older adults.
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Healthy ageing in Germany – common care and insurance funding. Institutional and financial dimension of health promotion for older people

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Golinowska S., Huter K., Sowada C., Pavlova M., Sowa A., Rothgang H.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2017
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vol. 15
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issue 1
20-33
EN
In Germany responsibilities for health promotion and prevention lies with a multitude of different actors and institutions. The institutional arrangement of health promotion is shaped by the German federal structure of the state on the one hand and by a health care system that is characterized by divided responsibilities between governmental organisations, self-administered bodies and non-governmental organisations on the other hand. Although federal-level programs are successfully implemented in the country, the attempt of the Federal government to consolidate and clarify responsibilities in the public health area meets resistance. The Preventive Health Care Act from 2015 is an attempt to strengthen health promotion, its effective impact will be for the future to show. Health promotion activities are initiated and provided by a variety of institutions: governmental, self-administered and voluntary (NGOs) often based on networks form. They cover activities on federal, Länder and local level. The Federal Ministry of Health and federal health agencies (specially BZgA) play an important role in this field. They created a number of health promotion regulation and activities initiatives which added to disease and addiction prevention. In health promotion for older people (HP4OP) programs, there is also a number of regionally and locally oriented initiatives.  In this paper, we outline main features of the HP4OP activities in Germany with regard to institutions and financing mechanism. In addition, we describe health-targeting programmes/projects indicated as good practices:(a) established and developed in Germany and (b) provided by the European Commission with significant participation of German institutions. The multitude and variety of HP4OP programs differentiate positively German health system from other health systems in ageing countries. 
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The activities of older people when healthy ageing policy and funding is limited. The institutional and financial dimensions of health promotion for older people in Poland

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Sowada C., Kowalska-Bobko I., Mokrzycka A., Domagała A., Sowa A., Zabdyr-Jamróz M., Tambor M., Golinowska S.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2017
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vol. 15
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issue 1
69-84
EN
The presented country profile, based on several national reports, legal acts, international databases, scientific articles and pilot research performed with the use of health care sector templates, outlines the major institutional, organisational and financing challenges for health promotion in Poland, and specifically, health promotion for older adults. Despite the numerous legislative and organisational changes in the health care sector since 1989 and the strengthening of the public health institutions in Poland, the country lacks a long-term, sustainable policy perspective in the public health area. The traditionally higher priority attached to curative care than to public health actions is one of the major reasons for the shortcomings of public health policy and the insufficient resources for health promotion and primary prevention in general, and health promotion for older adults specifically. However, there are also many weaknesses at the organisational level. One of the most important is the weak cooperation between the different levels of territorial self-government, the central government and other institutions when undertaking health promotion actions, which results in the development of both under- and overprovision of health promotion interventions for different population groups and at different geographical locations. Few self-government associations try to improve the cooperation and experience exchange in this field. However there is a need for a greater coordination and information exchange concerning plans and financial possibilities as well as for more competent health educators with better communication skills, less bureaucratic burdens, and better financial conditions.
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Health promotion for older people in Hungary: The need for more action

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Tambor M., Domagała A., Zabdyr-Jamróz M., Kowalska-Bobko I., Sowa A., Sowada C., Golinowska S., Baji P.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2017
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vol. 15
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issue 1
96-107
EN
The health status of the Hungarian population is relatively poor, compared to other countries of similar socio-economic development. Unhealthy diet, smoking, alcohol consumption and low physical activity are important risk factors leading to cardiovascular system diseases – the main cause of death in the general population and among people 65+ in Hungary. Yet, the OECD health statistics indicate that Hungary belongs to a group of countries with the lowest per capita expenditure on prevention and public health and that the level of this expenditure is decreasing.  In Hungary, there is no legislation specifically dedicated to public health (Public Health Act) and the matters of public health and health promotion are regulated by various legal documents. The directions for public health policy are set in National Public Health Programmes. To address the problem of the ageing population, in 2009 a National Ageing Strategy (2009–2034) was adopted. The Strategy stresses the need to develop programmes for prevention, rehabilitation and health promotion for older people.  The main actor in public health policy is the central government, namely its agency the National Public Health and Medical Officer Service. Also, territorial governments play an important role, though they have limited financial capacity to spend on health promotion and they need to rely on external unstable sources of funds when implementing health programmes for older people. NGOs might be important partners for health promotion along with public authorities. However, they require more financial and infrastructural support to be able to perform more activities in the field of health promotion for older people. 
13
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Political will against funds deficiency: Health promotion for older people in Bulgaria

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Pavlova M., Atanasova E., Moutafova E., Sowa A., Kowalska-Bobko I., Domagała A., Golinowska S., Groot W.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2017
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vol. 15
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issue 1
108-115
EN
In Bulgaria, health promotion and health education have received less attention in comparison to other public health areas, which has resulted in a small health promotion budget and consequently, in limited health promotion initiatives. This country report draws upon several national reports focused on the Bulgarian health system, and other country specific sources in order to outline the major institutional and financing challenges for health promotion in Bulgaria, and specifically for health promotion for older adults. As evident from this review, the programs and activities oriented toward health promotion for older adults are inconsistent and incomprehensive. The existing programs are mostly in the form of isolated small-scale projects aimed at enabling older workers to reach the statutory retirement, or supporting retired citizens to maintain their health and well-being. Effective strategic vision, coordination and stable funding in the area of health promotion for older adults is indispensable for helping Bulgarian seniors to live longer and healthier.
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