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Możliwości ograniczania śladu węglowego poprzez wykorzystanie systemu zarządzania energią (EMS)

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Piekarski M., Grübel K.
Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering
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2024
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vol. 7(27)
32-42
EN
Increasing energy efficiency will be essential to achieving the climate goals laid out in Euro-pean Union directives. This is particularly true for industries, whose share of heat and energy consumption, using Poland as an example, is about one-third of the total. This challenge has implications both in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2, but also for maintaining the competitiveness of EU countries' industries in the global market. Implementation in industrial processes of energy management systems - EMS, monitoring energy key performance indicators - KPI, is a tool for making informed investment decisions, in increasing energy efficiency of enterprises and industrial processes. There is the Industrial Energy Management System (IEMS), which focuses on energy efficiency in industrial processes, the Building Energy Management System (BEMS) for buildings, such as commercial buildings, and the Home Energy Management System (HEMS), which is becoming increasingly popular for residential users and small properties. The concept of measuring, or rather calculating, the Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) of a manufacturing process is derived from the broader concept of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in general. The PCF is expressed in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) equivalent units, or CO2-eq. The essence of the PCF calculation is a multifaceted approach to addressing the sources of GHG emissions, from the acquisition of raw materials, their processing with tools and the energy supplied to the process, through the supply chain and transport to the customer. Each of these stages generates a cost in the form of greenhouse gas equivalent (GHG) emissions to the environment, and the sum of these costs is the present carbon footprint (PCF). Typically, the majority of a product's PCF comes from the extraction and pre-processing of the raw material itself.
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Wpływ chemicznego kondycjonowania na własności grawitacyjne osadu czynnego nadmiernego

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Grübel K., Duda M.
Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering
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2023
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vol. 5(25)
23-31
EN
The formation of sludge is an inevitable consequence of wastewater treatment processes and their disposal and utilization requires knowledge, technology and engineering. Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are gaining popularity as a feasible alternative for sludge conditioning and removing recalcitrant pollutants in an aqueous environment. Application of the pretreatment processes/conditioning allows to obtain better mechanical properties of sludge. In the last decade can be noticed a lot of research from around the world focused on new methods of conditioning of sludge, i.e. the processes of dis-integration, of which the destruction of the mechanical, chemical and biological. Nowadays, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) has been proposed as one of the most promising technology over conventional water treatment processes to destroy persistent organic contaminants, as well as better sludge conditioning. Persulfate-based AOPs have attracted significant interest in the AOPs due to the following merits: 1) lower costs of storage and transportation; 2) easy availability of persulfate salts; 3) high yield of sulfate radicals formation and their longer half-life compared to other reactive oxygen species in AOPs. Persulfates, namely peroxydisulfate (PDS), are the most common sulfate radical donors. In order to generate them the peroxide bonds of persulfates can be cleaved homolytically or heterolytically by various activation methods. SR-AOPs activation by heat is considered feasible due to the high concentration of radicals produced as well as the lack of catalysts leaching. The research focuses on determining the impact of activated PDS on the gravitational surplus activated sludge properties. Characteristic parameters were determined in sludge sedimentation processes, i.e. the rate of descent and compaction, sludge density index and sludge volume index, and changes in the supernatant liquid. Conditioned sewage sludge with PDS activated by microwaves changes its sedimentation parameters: the sludge volume index decreased with the dose of PDS and was dependent on it, the settling of the conditioned sludge occurred with the highest intensity in the first minutes of gravitational thickening, the oxidation efficiency of the formed radicals caused a decrease in the turbidity and color of the supernatant liquid.
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Alkalizacja jako metoda wstępnej hydrolizy osadu czynnego przed procesem fermentacji beztlenowej

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Grübel K., Wacławek S.
Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering
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2021
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vol. 1(21)
16-25
EN
The aim of the research work was to determine the possibility of initial hydrolysis of the waste activated sludge with the use of the alkalization process. On the basis of the tests performed, it was found that the obtained pH value drops quite quickly after adding NaOH. In practice, after a period of 30 minutes, a further decrease in the pH value takes place, but at a lower rate. Therefore, 30 minutes was considered as a technically valid reaction time. After this re-action time, the COD (soluble COD; S-COD) values were recorded. They represented the release of organic matter into the liquid phase. In addition, a second disintegration method was carried out, on the alkalized earlier waste activated sludge, based on the phenomenon of hydrodynamic cavitation. Carrying out such a hybrid method of destroying activated sludge flocs and microorganisms contributed to the achievement of much greater hydrolysis effects. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the use of such hydrolysis processes lead to good results in relation to further sludge processing, e.g. anaerobic digestion, which may result in a significant improvement in biogas production and an increase in biogas yield.
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