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EN
Poland and Polish nationalism are widely identified with Catholicism. However, the population of the Polish state was not homogenous ethnically and religiously – in 1921 the number of ethnic/confessional minorities reached the high level of over 30 percent. The Second World War was a fundamental change in Polish history – the new people’s republic, formed after 1945, has been a totally different state from the Second Republic of Poland, which existed 1918–1939. Unfortunately, very little is known about the impact of Churches (Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox) in shaping the Polish, Ukrainian, Belorussian and German nationalisms during the wartime as well as the attitudes of clergymen towards the German occupants.
EN
Rostarzewo (1898-1919 Rothenburg an der Obra), nowadays a large village in the western part of the Wielkopolska Region, existed 1752-1934 as a city. The big edifice of the town hall, situated in the centre of the village, was build in the 18th century by the German settlers. Polish inhabitant of the city, nobleman Maciej Malczewski, invited not only German townsmen, but also peasants, who settled in the villages around Rostarzewo. The newcomers, mostly Protestants (Lutherans), founded a new Protestant parish, which embraced the city Rostarzewo and the villages: Stodolsko, Gola, Głodno, Barłożnia, Łąkie, Dąbrowa, Zdrogowo. The number of the Catholic population in Rostarzewo decreased so rapidly, that the old Catholic church in the city was destroyed in 1823. The nearest Catholic parish church as well as the residence of Malczewski and the following Polish inhabitants of the estates in Rostarzewo, was situated in Gościeszyn. The city Rostarzewo built up its position on agriculture and trade. The lack of modern industry and state offices contributed to the decline of the urban economy in the late 19th century, but it also preserved the traditional social structure, dating from the 18th century. The increased power of nationalism and the Polish-German conflict in the borderland forced many Germans the leave Rostarzewo after 1919. The end of the Protestant parish brought the Second World War and the following expulsion of the Germans from Poland.
PL
Wschodnie prowincje Prus, zamieszkałe przez licznych Polaków, nazywane były w XIX i na początku XX wieku Marchią Wschodnią (Ostmark). Nieformalną stolicą tego regionu był Poznań, główny ośrodek polskiego ruchu narodowego, w którym skupił się także niemiecki ruch nacjonalistyczny. Traktat wersalski przyznał prowincję Poznańską oraz Prusy Zachodnie (Pomorze Wschodnie) Polsce, ale niewielkie części obu tych prowincji pozostały w granicach Rzeszy Niemieckiej. Na nowym pograniczu utworzono nową prowincję Poznań-Prusy Zachodnie (Grenzmark Posen-Westpreussen) ze stolicą w Pile (Schneidemühl). Frankfurt nad Odrą, stolica rejencji w prowincji Brandenburgia, pretendował tymczasem do roli stolicy Środkowej Marchii Wschodniej (Mittlere Ostmark), nowego regionu geograficznego na Niemieckim Wschodzie. Oba miasta uznawały się za depozytariusza i spadkobiercę tradycji Poznania i próbowały osiągnąć pozycję administracyjnego, gospodarczego oraz kulturalnego centrum w środkowej części pogranicza polsko-niemieckiego, leżącej pomiędzy Śląskiem a Pomorzem i Prusami Wschodnimi.
EN
Eastern territories of Prussia with its large Polish population, where widely known in the 19 century as „Eastern March” (Ostmark). Poznań (Posen) was regarded as the informal capital of the Ostmark. The Treaty of Versailles granted the Prussian provinces Posen and Westpreussen to Poland, but small parts of both provinces remained in Germany. In the new borderland a province Grenzmark Posen-Westpreussen was created with the capital in Schneidemühl (Piła). Frankfurt/Oder, the capital of the Regierungsbezirk in the province Brandenburg, presented itself as a capital of the Mittlere Ostmark, the new geographical region in the German East. Both cities preserved traditions of Posen and tried to achieve the position of the main German centre in the eastern borderland between Pomerania and Silesia.
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