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EN
The first part of the article consists in analysis of the meaning of Aristotelian concept of practical knowledge (phrónesis). The analysis takes into account the interpretations of 'phrónesis' by Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer. Thus interpreted 'phrónesis' serves as a model of understanding of the objects of the social sciences. The specific application of the model is explicated on the example of the meaning of the religious act. The second part concerns the thesis of radical incomprehensibility of the Holocaust and the role which conditions addressed by the concept of 'facticity' might play in answering the question about the sense of such a phenomenon like the Holocaust in XX century. It is claimed that philosophical reflection is not something external to social inquiry but concerns the conditions which play decisive role in constitution of the object of the social sciences. The final part reflects on the logical nature of the relation between 'the human' and 'the social'.
EN
The article is a critique of the approaches in Polish sociology at the turn of 1980s that attempt to study social consciousness through social structure. These approaches are coined 'social structure and attitudes' by the author. He claims that these approaches do not allow reconciling the research on the role of social actor with the analysis of wider trends of society writ large. This results in the inability to account for the mechanisms of social change. The existing approaches describe social structure in Poland as passive and incapable of shaping culture. They do not explain what are the mechanisms linking attitudes and social structure. Referring to Weber's sociology, the author suggests that the crystallization of ethos groups in Polish society can be recognized as one of the structuring processes. Taking several exemplary ethos groups (Catholics, counter-culture movements and democratic opposition) as an example, the author considers their potential role in the process of social change.
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