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EN
The study revisits the concept of code-switching (CS) by focusing on a phenomenon in which bilinguals reverse switch from their L1 to L2 while speaking in their mother tongue. In the opening sections, the basic question of why CS occurs is addressed by reviewing relevant research and by looking beyond the formal interests to the social and cultural functions of CS in bilingual interactions. Then in the last two chapters, the study introduces and highlights a version of CS called reverse code-switching which is, to a large extent and despite its frequency of occurrence in outer circle societies, ignored in language studies. Attempt has been made to survey possible psycholinguistic and sociocultural explanations that may account for and common perceptions which are held towards the latter phenomenon in the light of the former.
EN
Cognitive organizers (COs) are text aids which represent objects, concepts, and their relations by the use of symbols and spatial arrangements without adding to semantic content. The present study examines language learners’ text comprehension through outlines, a popular CO, compared with text-only condition, and further investigates the effect of learner-constructed outlines (i.e., systematic note-taking) and expert-constructed outlines (i.e., readymade displays) on comprehension. Finally, the predictive power of multiple intelligences (MI) across different input modalities is scrutinized. Following stratified random sampling, a total of 111 EFL undergraduates were divided into text-only (receiving a text twice), expert-constructed (the text followed by an outline), and learner-constructed (the text followed by an outline to be drawn up by the learner) groups. A TOEFL examination, a 1218-word expository text on systematic sleep disorder, a follow-up reading comprehension test, and a multiple intelligences inventory constituted the data collection measures. The results of multiple regression and ANOVA were as follows: (a) COs lead to more content recall than text displays; (b) expert-constructed and learner-constructed outlines are equally effective; (c) MI significantly predicts the groups’ reading comprehension; (d) interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences are significant correlates of text-only groups’ performance; and (e) visual, verbal, and intrapersonal intelligences are significantly associated with learner-constructed groups’ reading scores. The study offers several implications for theory and practice.
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