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Transakcje offsetowe a rozwój przemysłu

100%
Baranowska-Prokop E.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2007
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vol. 219
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issue 10
67-83
EN
The paper aims to show how offset transactions contribute to an accelerated development of various industries. The author describes the principal guidelines of government policy vis-à-vis offset agreements, showing a framework of relationships between the main forms of offset strategies and the goals of industrial development in both the civilian and defense sectors. Further in the article, the author offers a concise model of technological development spurred by offset transactions. The model is illustrated by numerous examples of offset transactions made in recent years between partners from various regions of the world. The economic effects of offset transactions on industrial development are unclear, the author concludes, but a detailed analysis of specific examples of such transactions may help reveal the basic problems that arise in the course of such projects, along with the long-term implications of poor performance and negotiation mistakes in this area. The paper ends with a brief analysis of Poland’s defense industry and its prospects for the future, including plans to establish a single defense corporation based on the use of new technology secured by Poland under offset agreements signed by the government over the past several years.
2
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Umowy offsetowe a modernizacja polskiego przemysłu obronn

100%
Baranowska-Prokop E.
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
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2013
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issue 3/2
23-37
EN
The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of offset agreements signed by Poland on the modernization of the Polish defense industry. The employed research method is the analysis of the experts’ opinions and the report by NIK. The results lead to the conclusion that the fi nal evaluation is ambiguous, but the positive effects are prevailing. In the majority of the analyzed cases, Polish companies in the defense industry that participated in the offset transactions obtained access to the new technologies, enhanced their competitiveness and increased employment. It has been stated that direct offsets should be the preferred form of transactions, because it provides the highest contribution to the modernization of the Polish defense industry.
3
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Dyskryminacja cenowa a transakcje wiązane

63%
Baranowska-Prokop E., Prokop J.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2007
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vol. 214
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issue 3
67-84
EN
The aim of the paper is to examine the conditions in which companies use countertrade to hide their price discrimination practices and maintain a strong negotiating position with regard to their commercial partners. The analysis was made on the basis of two models. First, the authors present an innovative model for third-degree discrimination in which countertrade is used to conceal price differences; then they build a model in which countertrade promotes second-degree price discrimination. In the third-degree price discrimination model, the authors prove that the effective use of products as payment in countertrade deals, coupled with the relatively high probability that price discrimination will be revealed, encourages companies to diversify prices in different market segments with the use of tie-in transactions. On the other hand, in the second-degree price discrimination model, if the marginal costs of production are not too high in relation to the value of the mutual services, the monopoly will offer its customers the possibility of buying goods in an ordinary market transaction or in a tie-in. At a point of balance, both forms of trade will occur, but prices in countertrade will be lower than market prices. The authors show that, under specific conditions, countertrade is a useful tool for maximizing business profit by enabling price discrimination.
4
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Asymetria informacji a transakcje wiązane

63%
Prokop J., Baranowska-Prokop E.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2006
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vol. 209
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issue 7-8
9-25
EN
The article sets out to determine if tie-in transactions can be a more favorable form of buying capital goods for enterprises than ordinary market transactions in the event of an information asymmetry. The authors present a model situation in which an enterprise from a less developed country decides to buy technology from a company based in a highly developed country. The quality of the technology is unknown to the buyer, who has two forms of transactions to choose from: a market transaction or a tie-in. The authors prove that in the event of considerable uncertainty about the quality of the technology involved, tie-ins may be the preferred form of trade. Such transactions play the role of specific insurance in case the technology purchased proves to be of substandard quality. Tie-in transactions are a reliable signal of the quality of capital goods if there is an information asymmetry between the seller and the buyer. They represent a rational response to conditions limiting market exchange.
5
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Determinanty powstawania i motywy ekspansji polskich przedsiębiorstw wcześnie umiędzynarodowionych

63%
Kowalik I., Baranowska-Prokop E.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2013
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vol. 263
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issue 4
41-64
EN
The article aims to review the determinants of the emergence and expansion of early internationalizing firms in Poland. The authors present the results of an empirical study on this subject. The paper discusses the key theoretical concepts related to the early internationalization of enterprises. The authors also offer a classification of motives for foreign expansion. Based on a literature review, the authors describe the basic factors determining the establishment of early internationalizing firms – which are also known as born globals – including environmental and situational factors as well as the specific features of the firms’ founders. In the study, an empirical method based on group interviews was used, covering managers in 10 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from various industries. The interview transcripts were analyzed using the content analysis method based on a set of categories developed by the authors. The researchers found that a particularly important role in the emergence and expansion of early internationalizing firms in Poland is played by determinants related to the characteristics of these firms’ managers and their ability to use their previous experience in the context of opportunities available on foreign markets. Poland’s early internationalizing firms were mainly driven by proactive motives when expanding abroad, while reactive motives were treated as complementary. These findings are compatible with the results of research studies in other countries, the authors say, attesting to the similarity of internationalization processes among both Polish and foreign SMEs. However, this conclusion still needs to be confirmed by quantitative research, Kowalik and Baranowska-Prokop say.
PL
Celem artykułu jest dokonanie przeglądu determinant powstawania i motywów ekspansji przedsiębiorstw wcześnie umiędzynarodowionych (PWU) oraz przedstawienie wyników autorskiego badania empirycznego dotyczącego tej tematyki, przeprowadzonego w Polsce. W artykule zaprezentowano omówienie głównych koncepcji teoretycznych dotyczących wczesnej internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw oraz najważniejsze klasyfikacje motywów ekspansji zagranicznej. Na podstawie literatury przedmiotu scharakteryzowano też podstawowe determinanty tworzenia przedsiębiorstw wcześnie umiędzynarodowionych, obejmujące czynniki otoczenia, czynniki sytuacyjne oraz specyficzne cechy założycieli. W przedstawionym badaniu empirycznym wykorzystano metodę wywiadów indywidualnych w grupie menedżerów 10 małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw z różnych branż. Transkrypcje wywiadów przeanalizowano przy zastosowaniu analizy treści (content analysis), korzystając z opracowanego przez autorów zestawu kategorii. W powstawaniu badanych polskich PWU szczególnie istotną rolę odegrały determinanty związane z charakterystyką kierownictwa oraz umiejętnościami łączenia wcześniejszych doświadczeń z możliwościami istniejącymi na rynkach zagranicznych. Wśród motywów ekspansji zagranicznej najistotniejsze były tzw. proaktywne, natomiast motywy tzw. reaktywne traktowane były jako uzupełniające. Zgodność tych wyników z publikacjami zagranicznymi może świadczyć o podobieństwie procesów internacjonalizacji polskich i zagranicznych MŚP, co wymaga potwierdzenia w badaniach ilościowych.
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