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Uwagi o przemianach budownictwa drewnianego na przełomie wczesnego i późnego średniowiecza

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Gupieniec R.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

1992

vol. 16

Though early medieval and modern architecture, studied by ethnographers, is fairly well known, there is a gap in our knowledge of building in the Late Middle Ages. It was only with the development of historical archaeology, first directed towards the study of defensive features, residential architecture, castles and finally towns that the interest in single constructions or whole architectural complexes began to grow. The studies performed so far show that in the Late Middle Ages three basic constructional types existed side by side: 1) houses with cross joint logs corners (block construction); 2) houses with walls of short timber planks tenoned into the slots of vertical posts; 3) timber-framed houses. For lack of adequate data it is not possible to assess their respective proportions or the preponderance of any of them. Presumably various factors such as character of settlement, natural environment, limitation of timber felling and also regional specificity, already distinct at that time, had played a part. It is also possible to assume that a two-room house with a central entrance lobby began to appear in the early 13th century. It seems that in the Late Middle Ages the importance of block construction (type 1), outstanding in the preceding periods, did not decline, though this type began to disappear relatively early from urban settlement. That period witnessed a sort of revival of the second constructional type only occasional in the Early Middle Ages, but fairly common in prehistoric times. The timber-frame-and-board construction (type 3), recorded in Poland about the mid-13th century, is best documented at Pułtusk. It was inspired by the palisade type called stav - Stabbau, a more developed form of which was earlier known in Germany and Scandinavia. This construction seems to have been employed in late medieval towns and preceded houses built on a timber frame with wattle-and-daub walls, which began to appear only in the 14th-15th centuries. Gdansk, where because of its specificity, houses with brick-nogged timber walls appeared much earlier, is an exception.

Budownictwo plecionkowe na tle porównawczym strefy Morza Bałtyckiego i Północnego

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Gupieniec R., Instytut Archeologii U. Ł.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

2001

vol. 23 T.2

Houses built in a wattle technique belong to the oldest preserved house beginning systems originating from primitive shelters. Walls of houses made in a wattle technique are observed in various places in Europe. There is no doubt that because of wide occurrence of wattle houses they differed depending on the region, and ecological and economic conditions. I believe that traditional aspects could have played an important role here as well. Wattle technique was once used as a temporary solution conditioned by poverty, other time it was treated as a technique equal with remaining, widely practised construction technologies. As regards a variety of attitude to wattle constructions and reasons why they began to be used I would distinguish and compare three regions. The thirst region would cover the area of northern Poland and Polabia. The north of Poland would be characterised by small size wattle constructions raised because of impoverishment, partly because of people migrations and catastrophic events. Whereas in Polabia occur houses of more solid wattle construction constituting and included in more stable building system. Environmental conditions, economic arrangements or continuation of strongly rooted traditions are irrelevant here. In the second- north east region- wattle walls occurred rarely. They were used in household buildings only and they are not observed in dwelling houses. I believe that ecological conditions played an important role here. Domination of coniferous and mixed forests delivering large quantity of wood appeared useful in house building and this explains why wooden constructions were commonly used. Neither the aspects connected with catastrophic events, nor impoverishment and temporary depopulation were reflected in changes in the use of building systems. In this territory solid and earlier verified constructions were exceptionally preferred.

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2 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

2 Gupieniec R.

1 Instytut Archeologii U. Ł.

1 2001

1 1992

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Uwagi o przemianach budownictwa drewnianego na przełomie wczesnego i późnego średniowiecza

Budownictwo plecionkowe na tle porównawczym strefy Morza Bałtyckiego i Północnego