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1
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Instytucja opłaty z tytułu usuwania drzew i krzewów w polskim porządku prawnym

100%
Harat A.
Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering
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2021
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vol. 1(21)
38-45
EN
In Polish legislation, there are various legal grounds for paying environmental fees. One of the legislative solutions that provides for this type of economic and legal instrument is the removal of trees and bushes from real estate, which is the subject of this article. The economic consequences of such activities are specified in the Nature Conservation Act of April 16, 2004. Apart from specifying the amount of fees due, the above mentioned legal regulation contains detailed substantive and procedural solutions relating to this type of activity. As a rule, the removal of a tree (bush) from the property requires a permit, which is usually issued by the head of the commune (mayor). The fee required to pay is the product of the number of centimetres of a tree trunk at the height of the so-called breast diameter (130 cm) and the rate indicated in the executive regulation to the act. In the case of bushes, the fee is calculated on the basis of the size of the area they occupy. A characteristic feature of the discussed financial instruments in the Polish legal system were the inconsistent and relatively frequent, especially in recent years, changes in the legal status presented in the article. Initially, they were characterized by rapid liberalization of the applicable regulations, which was reflected in the waiver of the obligation to obtain permission in the form of an administrative decision, and complete deformalisation of activities related to the removal of a tree (bush) from the property owned by natural persons, if the tree (bush) was removed for purposes not related to running a business. Then, it was noted that this type of regulation did not sufficiently control the process. As a result, the provisions were amended again. This time they were based on a compromise solution, which was the obligation to report one’s intention to remove a tree or a bush to a competent authority.
2
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Wspólnotowe regulacje prawne dotyczące bezpieczeństwa pracy na budowie i ich implementacja do prawa polskiego

100%
Harat A.
Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering
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2023
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vol. 6(26)
46-56
EN
There is no doubt that the issues related to safety and health protection as well as accident prevention should be considered an important element of every investment and construction process. For this reason, numerous regulations in both the Community and Polish legal order have been imposed in this area. The Community regulations include numerous Community directives. The most important from the point of view of work safety in the construction pro-cess is the so-called framework directive of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to improve occupational safety and health, and the eighth individual directive of 24 June 1992 on the implementation of minimum safety and health requirements at temporary and mobile construction sites. Owing to the above-mentioned legal acts, the minimum requirements regarding occupational safety in the investment process have been unified at the Community level. This is very important due to the principle of free movement of workers introduced on the basis of Art. 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The Community legal regulations clearly emphasize the full responsibility of employers in this respect and, in relation to the investment and construction process, the responsibility of investors or substitute investors. The EU regulations were implemented into the Polish legal order by adopting the generally applicable legal acts - the Construction Law, and the regulation on information regarding health and safety, as well as the health and safety plan. The aforesaid regulations and, above all, the health and safety plan prepared on their basis are aimed at identifying hazards in the workplace and implementing solutions to prevent them at the investment implementation stage.
3
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Problematyka koncesjonowania wydobycia kopalin energetycznych w Polsce / Granting licences for the extraction of energy minerals in Poland

63%
Harat A., Jaguś A.
Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering
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2023
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vol. 5(25)
1-13
EN
The extraction of minerals, including fossil fuels, is a licensed activity. In the case of strategic fossil fuels owned by the state, such as hard coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, a license is issued by the minister responsible for the environment. The minister also signs a mining lease agreement, that is the right to use a mining area, with the entity to which they grant the licence. In the case of resources that are not covered by mining lease, but are subject to land property ownership, such as rock or peat, the licensing authority is the staroste or voivodship governor (depending on the area of the deposit or the volume of the mineral to be extracted). The licensing procedure requires the preparation and completion of extensive documentation presenting the interested entity and the activity it is going to undertake. In the case of licences granted by the minister or governor, the submitted documentation is required to contain a de-posit development plan. The licensing procedure consists in examining the license application along with the attached documentation by the competent authority, as well as conducting arrangements with the interested institutions and supervisory authorities. Commencement of the licensing procedure for the extraction of coal or peat is not limited in time, whereas the granting of licences for the exploration, identification and extraction of hydrocarbon deposits begins only in the form of a time-limited tender. After the licence has been granted, the area covered by its provisions is entered in the register of mining areas. Licences are granted for a specified period of time. An important element to be included in their contents is indication of the requirements for conducting a business in a way that minimizes the negative impact on the environment.
4
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Zakres zastosowania rozporządzenia REACH dla zeolitów

63%
Adamczyk Z., Harat A.
Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering
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2021
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vol. 2(22)
24-29
EN
REACH is an European Community regulation, which aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment from the risks that can be posed by chemicals. All chemical substances within the European Community (EC) territory in quantities of more than 1 Mg P.A. have to be registered by manufactures or importers, which have to submit to ECHA dossiers about each substance. The last mentioned refers to both natural as well as synthetic substances. Good example of this type of substances are zeolites. This paper presents the aspects of REACH regulation in case of zeolites production. Zeolites are crystalline, micro porous, hydrated aluminosilicates that are built from an infinitely extending three dimensional network of [SiO4]4- and [AlO4]5- tetrahedral linked to each other by the sharing of oxygen atoms. Zeolites, thanks to their sorptive and ion-exchange properties, have a great potential in their application e.g. water and wastewater treatment (removal of ammonium ions, heavy metals, oil-derivative contaminants, radioactive compounds), adsorption processes etc. Zeolites are natural minerals (chabazite, phillipsite, mordenite, clinoptilolite) but majority of zeolites used commercially are produced in synthetic processes. Natural zeolites are a substance within the meaning of REACH regulation as a consequence of mentioned substance definition given in 3rd Article of regulation. The problem of synthetic zeolites is closely connected with status of waste in the meaning of Waste Framework Directive and REACH regulation.
5
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Środowiskowe aspekty wymywania składników mineralnych z popiołów lotnych i żużli elektrownianych

51%
Adamczyk Z., Harat A., Jaguś A., Porszke A.
Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering
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2022
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vol. 4(24)
21-29
EN
Leachability of chemical substances from waste produced during fuel combustion in a power plant has been investigated. The aim of the research was to identify the chemical composition of eluates obtained from fly ashes and slags subjected to the leaching test. The results of leaching tests indicate potential environmental hazards related to the migration of chemical substances. Migration can occur both during the storage of waste and due to the weathering of usable materials, including those made from waste. Leachability of the following substances has been analysed: sodium, potassium, chlorides, sulphates, arsenic, zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and chromium. The analysis of the results has demonstrated, above all, that fly ash eluates contain much more substances than slag eluates. This is particularly evident in the case of chlorides and sulphates, as well as nickel, which practically was not found in slag eluates. The leached substances included among others zinc, lead, chromium, which are potentially toxic to living organisms. It should be noted, however, that the contents of these substances in the eluates did not exceed the permissible concentrations in industrial wastewater discharged into the environment. Exceedances occurred only in the case of sulphates contained in ash eluates. The concentrations of a given substance in the tested eluates were found to be different during the entire research period. These differences, especially in fly ash eluates, reached several dozen and even more than one hundred percent. This shows that the use of power plant waste in civil or water engineering should be preceded by an analysis of potential environmental impact.
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