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1
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Opinia prawna na temat projektu ustawy o dzierżawie rolniczej

100%
Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2015
|
issue 2(46)
162-179
EN
The author of the opinion claims that agricultural lease, due to its specific nature, should be regulated as a separate kind of lease as part of the Civil Code, and not as an extra-Code regulation. The proposed bill raises considerable doubts as to its internal and systemic cohesion.
2
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Charakter prawa do obniżenia ceny

100%
Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2013
|
issue 4(40)
11-28
PL
The article deals with the character of the right to reduce price due to physical or legal defects of the thing sold. An analysis of the provisions of the Civil Code, case law and literature leads to the conclusion that the right to reduce the price should be considered as a unilateral‑modification clause. The author critically assesses the recognition of this right as a claim. The argument for this opinion of the author is that in adjusting the literal interpretation of Article 560 § 1 of the Civil Code, he takes into account both the systemic interpretation and functional interpretation (including teleological one). The author notes, however, that a consistent and unified position of the Supreme Court in which it recognizes that right as a claim, in practice, definitely confers such a character thereon.
3
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Opinia prawna w sprawie kwalifikowania pobierania pożytków z własności nieruchomości oraz członkostwa w organach osób prawnych jako „działalności gospodarczej”

100%
Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2015
|
issue 4(48)
211-221
EN
Admissibility of treating the reception of proceeds from the property under a lease agreement as business activity is dependent on its connection with business activity of the lessor or enterprise owned by him. In the event that the object of joint ownership put into use under the lease agreement is part of the state or municipal property, in the light of Article 34 para. 1 of the Act on the Exercise of the Mandate of a Deputy or Senator, this is the circumstance that prevents the exercise of the mandate of a Deputy simultaneously with the drawing profits from such an object of joint ownership. Membership in the company management, control and inspection bodies or the status of the commercial representative of such a company cannot be held jointly with the exercise of the Deputy’s mandate only in relation to companies with the participation of state or municipal legal persons or with businesses involving such persons. We must find it inadmissible to perform jointly the functions of Vice-Marshal (Deputy Speaker) of Sejm with the membership of a board of commercial companies, regardless of whether he/she started running a business.
4
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Opinia prawna w sprawie wezwania z 3 czerwca 2016 r. skierowanego przez Inwestora w ramach procedury pojednawczej dotyczącego sporu na podstawie umowy między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Królestwa Danii w sprawie popierania i wzajemnej ochrony inwestycji, podpisanej w Kopenhadze 1 maja 1990 r.

100%
Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2016
|
issue 3(51)
196-203
EN
The author claims that neither the Sejm nor any of its bodies is competent to reply to the notice. Due to the general and hypothetical nature of the allegations regarding the alleged damages suffered by the Investor, referring to them at this stage should be regarded as premature. From the statements contained in the notice it follows that the procedure for the resolution of disputes specified in Article 9 para. 2 of the Agreement of 1 May 1990 cannot be used in this respect. The indicated three-month time limit for resolving the dispute through negotiation is devoid of legal basis and, as such, not binding. If the dispute is described in the notice will be the subject of court proceedings, differences in the answers given by each recipient of the notice may be used against Poland or the State Treasury. For this reason, it is worth considering coordinating the preparation of response to the notice by all its recipients to prevent a disparity between them.
5
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Opinia w sprawie petycji Stowarzyszenia Interesu Społecznego „Wieczyste” w sprawie zmiany ustawy – Kodeks postępowania cywilnego

100%
Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2016
|
issue 1(49)
151-156
EN
The subject of the petition is a request to launch a legislative initiative to amend the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure relating amount in controversy in cases of employees’ claims concerning the establishment, the existence or termination of employment relation and service of documents in civil proceedings. The opinion calls into question the acceptability of the amendments specified in the petition and their compliance with national and European law.
6
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Zmiany kursu franka szwajcarskiego a sytuacja prawna kredytobiorców – wybrane zagadnienia

100%
Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
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2015
|
issue 1(45)
38-68
EN
In January 2015 the Swiss National Bank took the decision to stop keeping the exchange rate of CHF into EUR at the minimum level. Since that, the exchange rate of CHF has been changed and grown up significantly. As in many loan agreements in Poland the amount of loan is denominated in CHF, its exchange rate fluctuations are phenomenon which is subject of interest and research not only from economic, but also from legal point of view. It is to underline that many of the loans denominated in CHF are long-term housing loans. The reason for many of the housing loans in Poland are denominated in CHF was their better availability especially for the people who wanted to acquire the first flat. In this article the impact of the exchange rate of CHF fluctuations on legal position of the borrowers is considered especially in the light of provisions of the Polish Civil Code (art. 3571 – the rebus sic stantibus clause; art. 3581 § 3 – the court-declared valorisation; art. 82–88 – defects in declaration of intent) and the bill on prevention of unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices.
7
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Opinia prawna na temat poselskiego projektu ustawy o zmianie ustawy o działalności leczniczej

100%
Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2015
|
issue 4(48)
97-106
EN
In the author’s view, the Bill raises doubts as to its purpose and subjective scope of application. Consideration should be given to the usefulness of the inclusion in this Act of definitions and principles of performance of therapeutic activity by a military unit which is not a budgetary unit. In the event that a final definition of military units is contained in the Act on Therapeutic Activities, the definition of such unit requires clarification, including an indication that it relates to the military units that are not separate budgetary units.
8
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Opinia prawna na temat niektórych przepisów poselskiego projektu ustawy o zmianie ustawy – Prawo łowieckie

100%
Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2016
|
issue 2(50)
141-151
EN
Under the proposed amendment of Hunting Law, decisions on compensation issued by a province governor (wojewoda) could not be appealed to an administrative court based on the alleged illegality. The author points out that there should not be a situation in which two decisions are made in the same case, one by a public authority and the other by the court of general jurisdiction, none of which has effect on the binding force of another one. An analysis of the bill allows us to conclude that the decision of the voivodship governor, to the extent to which the case will be decided upon the judgment of the court of general jurisdiction, will cease to have effect. The author argues that in order to ensure greater legal certainty it could be advisable to regulate expressly the mutual relationship between the administrative and civil law procedures and the decisions issued in the course of each of them.
9
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Opinia na temat projektu ustawy o prawach konsumenta

100%
Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2014
|
issue 1(41)
241-263
EN
The purpose of the bill is to implement in Poland of Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2011/83/EU of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights, According to the author, the implementation of the proposed bill would lead to unification and consolidation of legal provisions relating to consumer protection and introduce the desired changes in provisions governing warranty and quality guarantees. Nevertheless, he claims that the bill needs some work which would secure terminological consistency and efficiency of the proposed provisions.
10
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Opinia prawna dotycząca projektu ustawy o zmianie ustawy – Prawo upadłościowe i naprawcze oraz niektórych innych ustaw

100%
Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2014
|
issue 2(42)
178-186
EN
The bill makes it more possible to achieve the aim which is to provide for the possibility of debt adjustment of natural persons and the reduction or complete removal of barriers to access to debt adjustment. Despite a favorable assessment of the bill as a whole, the author points out the violation of the principle of equal protection of property rights and the principle of equality, which are enshrined in the Constitution. Moreover, the proposed Article 4917 does not dispel the doubts that have been reported by the doctrine in relation to the admissibility of its application to tax lien.
11
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Odpowiedzialność solidarna osób pełnoletnich stale zamieszkujących nieruchomość lokalową oraz osób faktycznie z niej korzystających za opłaty związane z eksploatacją i utrzymaniem lokalu oraz nieruchomości wspólnej – de lege lata i de lege ferenda

100%
Lackoroński B.
Prawo w Działaniu
|
2023
|
issue 56
7-19
EN
The purpose of this article is to answer the question whether adults residing in an apartment real estate permanently and persons using it actually are liable for the fees related to operation and maintenance of the apartment real estate and the common property. The answer to this question leads to a conclusion on the advisability of introducing a change in the Polish legislation aimed at creating the basis for the liability of adults residing in an apartment real estate permanently and persons using it actually, with regards to the fees related to operation and maintenance of the apartment real estate and the common property. The liability of these persons will be considered both towards suppliers of electricity, heat, gas, water, and any other goods, service providers – in particular in terms of maintaining order, as well as towards the housing community. In the light of the observations contained in this paper in the present Polish legislation there is no basis for joint and several liability of adults residing in an apartment real estate permanently and persons using it actually for the fees related to operation and maintenance of the apartment real estate and the common property. Introducing the joint and several liability is this regard requires changes in the Polish legislation. When introducing changes aimed at creating the basis for joint and several liability of adults residing in an apartment real estate permanently and persons using it actually for the fees related to operation and maintenance of the apartment real estate and the common property, it is necessary to determine its joint and several nature and to resolve the related issues indicated in this article such as recourse claims and defining its subjective and objective scope.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest odpowiedź na pytanie, czy osoby pełnoletnie stale zamieszkujące nieruchomość lokalową oraz osoby faktycznie z niej korzystające ponoszą odpowiedzialność za opłaty związane z eksploatacją i utrzymaniem lokalu oraz nieruchomości wspólnej. Odpowiedź na nie pozwoli na rozstrzygnięcie celowości wprowadzania zmiany stanu prawnego ukierunkowanej na stworzenie podstaw odpowiedzialności osób pełnoletnich stale zamieszkujących nieruchomość lokalową oraz osób faktycznie z niej korzystających za opłaty związane z eksploatacją i utrzymaniem lokalu oraz nieruchomości wspólnej. Odpowiedzialność tych osób będzie rozpatrywana zarówno względem dostawców energii elektrycznej, energii cieplnej, gazu, wody, jakichkolwiek innych dóbr, usługodawców, w szczególności w zakresie utrzymania porządku i czystości, jak i względem wspólnoty mieszkaniowej. W świetle spostrzeżeń zawartych w niniejszym opracowaniu stworzenie podstaw solidarnej odpowiedzialności osób pełnoletnich stale zamieszkujących nieruchomość lokalową oraz osób faktycznie z niej korzystających za opłaty związane z eksploatacją i utrzymaniem lokalu oraz nieruchomości wspólnej wymaga zmian stanu prawnego. Przy wprowadzaniu zmian ukierunkowanych na stworzenie podstaw solidarnej odpowiedzialności osób pełnoletnich stale zamieszkujących nieruchomość lokalową oraz osób faktycznie z niej korzystających za opłaty związane z eksploatacją i utrzymaniem lokalu oraz nieruchomości wspólnej niezbędne jest przesądzenie wprost jej solidarnego charakteru i rozstrzygnięcie wiążących się z tym kwestii wskazanych w niniejszym artykule, takich jak roszczenia regresowe oraz określenie jej zakresu podmiotowego i przedmiotowego.
12
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Kwestia autonomicznej kwalifikacji umów cywilnoprawnych w systemie ubezpieczeń społecznych

100%
Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2016
|
issue 4(52)
29-56
EN
The author observes that on the basis of the Act on the System of Social Security the differentiation between mandate contracts and contracts for specific work is of primarily practical nature. It determines the possibility of recognizing particular contracts as autonomous right to social security. The author indicates a set of criteria enabling to differentiate those two types of contracts–a type of performance, an obligation concerning the result and due diligence action, a range of risk concerning performing such contracts, a possibility to terminate them by one-sided legal acts. The author claims that qualification of civil law contracts in context of the system of social security must not differ from their qualification in civil law. Rules that social security is common and compulsory might justify application of directional directive ordering deciding on the doubts concerning law, only when civil law instruments of interpretation of expressions of will do not allow for qualifying a contract as a mandate contract or a contract for specific work, which might take place in extraordinary circumstances of mixed contracts.
13
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Czy celowe jest wprowadzanie możliwości przenoszenia spółdzielczego własnościowego prawa do lokalu na podstawie umowy o dożywocie?

100%
Lackoroński B.
Prawo w Działaniu
|
2023
|
issue 54
EN
The cooperative ownership right to premises is a limited right in rem. Although since 31 July 2007 it is not possible to establish new cooperative ownership rights to premises, the existence of those that have been effectively established is not limited by any time limit. Authorized persons can dispose of them freely. Due to the fact that the premises being the subject of cooperative ownership rights are not real estate from the formal and legal point of view, they cannot be the subject of agreements that are used to transfer the ownership of real estate. This means that the cooperative ownership right to the premises cannot be transferred, in particular, on the basis of an annuity agreement. The analysis carried out in this study indicates that there are no obstacles preventing a change in the law aimed at creating the possibility of disposing of cooperative ownership rights to premises on the basis of an annuity contract. Such a change will remove the systemic inconsistency resulting from the fact that the cooperative ownership right to premises may be subject to transfer on the basis of a reverse mortgage loan agreement, and cannot be subject to transfer on the basis of an annuity agreement with a similar function. Creating the possibility of disposing of cooperative ownership rights to premises on the basis of an annuity agreement should not be limited only to the introduction of a provision to the Civil Code enabling the appropriate application of the provisions on annuity to agreements the purpose and effect of which is the transfer of the cooperative ownership right to premises in exchange for a commitment by its buyer to provide the seller with life support. Achieving the above-mentioned objectives of this amendment to the Civil Code, and in particular the proper protection of the interests of persons disposing of cooperative ownership rights to premises in exchange for a lifetime maintenance obligation, also requires consideration of amendments to some other acts, such as the Act on Housing Cooperatives and the Act on Land and Mortgage Registers and Mortgage. The changes in the legal status proposed in this study may improve the ability of older people to obtain care under civil law contracts.
PL
Spółdzielcze własnościowe prawo do lokalu jest ograniczonym prawem rzeczowym. Mimo że od 31.07.2007 r. nie można ustanawiać nowych spółdzielczych własnościowych praw do lokali, istnienie tych, które zostały skutecznie ustanowione, nie jest ograniczone żadnym terminem. Uprawnieni mogą nimi swobodnie dysponować. Ze względu na to, że lokale będące przedmiotem spółdzielczych własnościowych praw nie są z formalnoprawnego punktu widzenia nieruchomościami, nie mogą być one przedmiotem umów, które służą do przenoszenia własności nieruchomości. Oznacza to, że spółdzielcze własnościowe prawo do lokalu nie może być przeniesione w szczególności na podstawie umowy o dożywocie. Analiza przeprowadzona w niniejszym opracowaniu wskazuje na to, że nie ma przeszkód uniemożliwiających zmianę prawa ukierunkowaną na stworzenie możliwości rozporządzania spółdzielczymi własnościowymi prawami do lokali na podstawie umowy o dożywocie. Zmiana taka usunie niespójność systemową wynikającą z faktu, że spółdzielcze własnościowe prawo do lokalu może być przedmiotem rozporządzenia na podstawie umowy o odwrócony kredyt hipoteczny, a nie może być przedmiotem rozporządzenia na podstawie umowy o dożywocie pełniącej analogiczną funkcję. Stworzenie możliwości rozporządzania spółdzielczymi własnościowymi prawami do lokali na podstawie umowy o dożywocie nie powinno ograniczać się jedynie do wprowadzenia przepisu do Kodeksu cywilnego umożliwiającego odpowiednie stosowanie przepisów o dożywociu do umów, których celem i skutkiem jest przeniesienie spółdzielczego własnościowego prawa do lokalu w zamian za zobowiązanie się przez jego nabywcę do zapewnienia zbywcy dożywotniego utrzymania. Osiągnięcie wyżej wskazanych celów tej zmiany k.c., a w szczególności należyte zabezpieczenie interesów osób rozporządzających spółdzielczymi własnościowymi prawami do lokali w zamian za zobowiązanie do dożywotniego utrzymania, wymaga również rozważenia zmian niektórych innych ustaw takich jak ustawa o spółdzielniach mieszkaniowych oraz ustawa o księgach wieczystych i hipotece. Proponowane w niniejszym opracowaniu zmiany stanu prawnego mogą poprawić zdolność osób starszych do uzyskiwania opieki na podstawie umów cywilnoprawnych.
14
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Używanie nieruchomości a odpowiedzialność za zakłócanie korzystania z sąsiednich nieruchomości mieszkaniowych

100%
Lackoroński B.
Radca Prawny
|
2022
|
vol. 32
|
issue 3
29-44
EN
Exercising ownership of a real property, in particular its use, might result in interfering with the use of neighboring, residential real properties. The article concerns the legal means available in the case of the use of a real property is a source of interference in the use of a neighboring, residential real property. The article analyzes not only the range of legal means available in these cases but also the range of entities that can be addressees of the actions undertaken by the owner seeking legal protection.
15
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Opinia na temat wniosku dotyczącego dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie niektórych aspektów umów o dostarczanie treści cyfrowych [COM(2015) 634 final]

63%
Lackoroński B., Kuszel K.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2016
|
issue 1(49)
117-130
EN
The aim of the proposal is to provide a uniform way to fill the current legal gap in those EU Member States which have not yet adopted legislation specifically on supply of digital content, and the harmonization of the legal systems of those countries that have already adopted such a legislation. Its entry into force will prevent particularization of national rules on liability for failure to perform the obligations arising from contracts for the supply of digital content and for the improper performance of obligation, including the lack of conformity of the digital content with the contract. As a result, it will prevent fragmentation of the digital content market. Entry into force of the proposed directive should improve legal protection of consumers in the event of non-compliance with the contract of digital content received from their suppliers. The proposed directive will have a significant impact on the legal situation of suppliers of digital content. Worth consideration is the removal of defects identified in the opinion that raise doubt as to its legislative correctness.
16
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Opinia prawna na temat poselskiego projektu ustawy o Krajowym Rejestrze Sądowym oraz o zmianie niektórych innych ustaw

63%
Bosek L., Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2014
|
issue 4(44)
169-184
EN
The opinion deals with a bill to improve the organization of business registration system. Positive assessment is given to its provisions aimed at deleting those entities which have not so far been re-registered in the National Court Register (KRS). It was also pointed out in the opinion that the exclusion of the liquidation proceedings for dissolution of entities entered into KRS in relation to the events that took place before the entry into force of the new regulations, may breach the lex retro non agit principle. The basis and preconditions for free acquisition by the State Treasury – by the operation of law – of ownership and other property rights are in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. However, it would be advisable to indicate in the bill of another moment of acquisition of property by the State Treasury. The proposed provisions relating to: annual limitation period (preclusive term) for claiming compensation from the Treasury, counted from the moment of acquisition of property deleted from the register of the entity and the final date for filing an action for enforcement, on claims confirmed by a writ of execution, may be questionable from the point of view of conformity with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.
17
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Opinia na temat wniosku dotyczącego decyzji Rady w sprawie zawarcia w imieniu Unii Europejskiej Konwencji Narodów Zjednoczonych dotyczącej przejrzystości w umownych postępowaniach arbitrażowych między inwestorem a państwem [COM(2015) 20 final]

63%
Lackoroński B., Bartosz P.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2015
|
issue 4(48)
83-94
EN
The opinion concerns spreading the use and extending the substantive and temporal scope of the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treatybased Investor-State Arbitration. Possible conflict of obligations of Member States under international law may arise regardless of whether the United Nations Convention on the transparency will be concluded only by the Europe‑ an Union or by its Member States. The position of the European Commission according to which the Convention relates only to exclusive competence of the European Union should be considered as doubtful.
18
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Opinia w sprawie wniosku dotyczącego dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie niektórych aspektów umów sprzedaży towarów zawieranych przez internet lub w inny sposób na odległość [COM(2015) 635 final]

63%
Lackoroński B., Kuszel K.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2016
|
issue 1(49)
131-148
EN
The aim of the proposed directive is full harmonization of national legislation on consumer goods in relation to conformity with the contract for distance sale, the seller’s liability for lack of conformity of goods with such contract and under the commercial guarantees. The proposal causes no legislative objections. Its entry into force requires implementation through an amendment of the Civil Code. The implementation of the directive may lead to re-fragmentation of the legal system as concerns the liability for the lack of conformity of goods with the contract. In the case, indeed, the implementation of the proposal will mean the creation of a specific rules relating solely to consumer contracts for a distance sale, and will result in establishing a particular legal regime governing the seller’s liability for one of the many types of sales contracts, distinguished upon the way of its conclusion.
19
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Glosa do postanowienia Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z 1 października 2013 r., sygn. akt II GSK 1815/13

63%
Joanna Ł., Lackoroński B.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2016
|
issue 3(51)
33-41
EN
The commentary concerns the ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court on the Act of 28 June 2012 on the Repayment of Certain Dues to Enterprises Resulting from Implementing Awarded Public Contracts. The authors tend to conclude that the main thesis of the commented ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court, i.e. excluding the applicability of the Code of Administrative Procedure to actions taken by the Director General for National Roads and Motorways in connection with claims for payment due to subcontractors on the basis of the above mentioned Act raises important concerns about its correctness. It is debatable from the point of view of both the general structure of administrative law, and the purposes of the above mentioned Act which was to create a special procedure for repayment of dues to subcontractors. In the light of the circumstances of the adoption of the bill and its provisions, it is difficult to accept the view the adoption of which not only deprives subcontractors efficient and low-cost administrative mode to review the decision of the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways (GDDKiA), but compels them to initiate additional civil proceedings before common courts, the subject of which will, in fact, be the examination of the correctness of operation of GDDKiA as a public authority.
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