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EN
Nietzsche has discovered the origins of Christian metaphysics and identified the dangers caused by its expansion. People have lost the ability to communicate with exterior reality that threatens their culture of well-being, built on metaphysical ideas (the Good, the Beauty, the Truth). In order to avoid nihilism after God's death, humans must regain the ability to communicate with dyonisian reality of sacrum (that is, according to Christian morality, the evil), sacrificed in order to gain Paradise. This is the great task of the "philosophy of the future". The "philosopher of the future" seems to be an overman. Nietzsche and Bataille don't intend to replace the culture of rational entities with the culture of overman. They attempt to repair defects of the human world and restore its lost completion. The main question is: how to recognize the destructive absolute and preserve human identity at the same time? Human as a rational entity perishes while obtaining full knowledge (Nietzsche). The choice is both simple and tragic – to live inside the world of artificial ideas, or to die outside the metaphysical fortress, in the wasteland of full knowledge (sacrum, evil), where there is no God. According to Bataille, inner experience enables temporary reconcilation between the culture of rational entities and the chaos of sacrum. It enables human beings to obtain the full knowledge and survive, for its main "purpose" is to bring into the culture as much sacrum as possible. From this point of view, it appears as a part of the "philosophy of the future" and – in a way – as an appendix to Nietzsche’s lesson of overmanship, for transgressive entity apparently turns out to be a overman.
EN
The chosen aspects of the quality of financial law and the functions of income taxation system in the Polish People’s Republic have been presented in five contexts. Th e first one is the doctrinal context, which allows to distinguish the taxation rules and the rules of the financial law from the functions of income taxation system. Furthermore, such context allows to divide the mentioned functions into four function groups: technical, fiscal and budgetary, justice related and ethical, economic and social. The second context constitutes the legislative technique context – enabling the analysis of the income taxation system in the Polish People’s Republic with the consideration of the technical functions. In turn, the third context corresponds with the title of the 16th Scientific Conference ‘State, Economy, Society’, organized annually by Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University. Thus, the income taxation system in the Polish People’s Republic has been subject to analysis with consideration of its influence on the Polish economic sphere within the years 1945-1989. However, due to the limited frames of this study the political and social sphere has been omitted. Nevertheless, conclusions made on these basis underline the importance of such functions of income taxation system in the Polish People’s Republic, as some functions: fiscal and budgetary, justice related and ethical, economic and social. The functions of income taxation system in the Polish People’s Republic have also been subject to analysis in the fourth context, that is the chosen functions of income taxation systems of the leading countries of the western block within the years 1945-1989. Therefore, it may be assumed that the functions of income taxation system in the Polish People’s Republic constituted one of the reasons of the failure of this country in the so called Cold War. Above all, however, the assessment of the functions of the income taxation system in the Polish People’s Republic (in the fifth context) has been referred to the chosen contemporary solutions, which paradoxically allows to come to conclusions de lege ferenda, which still remain up to date in reference to the income taxation system in the Third Polish Republic.
PL
Wybrane aspekty jakości prawa finansowego i funkcje systemu opodatkowania dochodów w PRL przedstawiono w pięciu kontekstach. Pierwszym jest kontekst doktrynalny, który zasady podatkowe i zasady prawa podatkowego pozwala odróżnić od funkcji systemu opodatkowania dochodów. Co więcej kontekst ten umożliwia podział wspomnianych funkcji na cztery grupy funkcji: technicznych, fiskalno-budżetowych, sprawiedliwościowo-etycznych i gospodarczo-społecznych. Natomiast drugim kontekstem jest kontekst techniki legislacyjnej – umożliwiający analizę systemu opodatkowania dochodów w PRL z uwagi na funkcje techniczne. Z kolei kontekst trzeci koresponduje z tytułem XVI Konferencji Naukowej „Państwo, gospodarka, społeczeństwo”, organizowanej corocznie przez Krakowską Akademię im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego. Dlatego system opodatkowania dochodów w PRL poddano analizie z uwzględnieniem tego, jak w latach 1945–1989 oddziaływał on na polską płaszczyznę gospodarczą. Niemniej z uwagi na ograniczone ramy niniejszego opracowania pominięto płaszczyzny polityczną i społeczną. Mimo to wyciągnięte na tej podstawie wnioski podkreślają znaczenie takich funkcji systemu opodatkowania dochodów w PRL, jak niektóre funkcje: fiskalno-budżetowe, sprawiedliwościowo-etyczne oraz gospodarczo-społeczne. Funkcje systemu opodatkowania dochodów w PRL poddano analizie także w kontekście czwartym, a mianowicie wybranych funkcji systemów opodatkowania dochodów czołowych państw bloku zachodniego z lat 1945–1989. Dlatego można też postawić tezę, iż funkcje systemu opodatkowania dochodów w PRL stanowiły jedną z przyczyn klęski, jaką państwo to poniosło w tzw. zimnej wojnie. Przede wszystkim jednak ocenę funkcji systemu opodatkowania dochodów w PRL (w kontekście piątym) odniesiono do wybranych rozwiązań współczesnych, co paradoksalnie pozwala na wyciągnięcie wniosków de lege ferenda, które wciąż pozostają aktualne w odniesieniu do systemu opodatkowania dochodów w III Rzeczypospolitej.
EN
The paper contains legal analysis of financial law instruments used to implement family policy in the Republic of Poland. It is worth noting, that the Polish family policy system is based on elements of the structure of the personal income tax and social benefits such as joint taxation of spouses or single parents, maintenance exemption or maintenance benefits. Only two elements of this structure are common or relatively common and motivate Polish society to increase the birth rate, they are: personal income tax family relief and lump-sum child benefit. What is more, the transfer of funds from the system takes place at the time of childbirth or during its upbringing. However, there is no universal legal institution which aims at supporting children at the time when they are becoming independent and at inducing them to save money. It causes, that there is no guarantee, that the funds received by the parents are spent for education and welfare of the child. Therefore, the paper contains de lege ferenda postulates inspired by the Child Trust Fund system which implements these assumptions to the United Kingdom’s system of financial law. Furthermore, introducing a similar solution to the Polish legal system would support ad hoc financial institutions, which have suffered because of the recession, but the final beneficiaries of the reform would be young Polish citizens.
EN
The Polish judicial system, and thus also the justice system, should be reformed, asis overloaded with the number of considered cases. However this reform can be possible only thank to the cooperation of various environments and work at the grass roots (within the broadly understood justice system). The reform should lead to a situation, where as many cases and disputes as possible could be solved outside the courtroom. Therefore, the reform should focus on facilitating such solutions as: alternative dispute resolution methods, the methods of pre-court selection of cases and legal education. All the mentioned solutions reflect the principle of the Hippocratic oath which states, that “prevention is better than cure”. The Malopolska-Silesian campaign offering help in filling out the personal income tax return forms is one of few examples of cooperation between a law clinic and a free legal aid society, i.e. two entities co creating the justice system and supporting social groups that cannot aff ord to use legal services. Therefore, such projects should be broadly discussed, modified and widely promoted.
PL
Polski system sądownictwa a zatem wąsko rozumianego wymiaru sprawiedliwości jest przeciążony ilością rozpatrywanych spraw i wymaga reformy. Reforma ta możliwa jest tylko przy współdziałaniu różnych środowisk i pracy u podstaw (w ramach szeroko rozumianego wymiaru sprawiedliwości). Efektem reformy winna być sytuacja, w której jak najwięcej spraw i sporów, jakie finał mogą znaleźć poza sądem, taki finał znajdzie. Dlatego w ramach reformy należy skupić się na ułatwieniu dostępu do rozwiązań w postaci: alternatywnych metod rozwiązywania sporów oraz metod przedsądowej selekcji spraw i edukacji prawnej społeczeństwa, a zatem rozwiązań funkcjonujących w myśl zasady z przysięgi Hipokratesa, że „lepiej zapobiegać niż leczyć”. Małopolsko-śląska akcja pomocy w wypełnianiu tzw. PIT-ów stanowi nieliczny przykład współpracy kliniki prawa i punktu NPP, czyli dwóch podmiotów współtworzących szeroko rozumiany wymiar sprawiedliwości, przy czym działania tych podmiotów adresowane są do grup społecznych zbyt rzadko korzystających z usług prawniczych. Dlatego akcję tę warto propagować, dyskutować, modyfikować i powielać.
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