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Aktualne aspekty zjawiska kryminalizacji dopingu w sporcie

100%
Szwarc A.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
|
vol. 43
533-548
EN
Doping, which continues to accompany sport to an even greater extent than before, triggers reactions of which one is legal intervention. This includes an intervention of criminal law taking the form of an increased number of instances of criminalisation of different behaviours connected with doping. Different countries address the problem differently and the practice of fighting doping in sport differs. Criminal law regulations and other legal provisions can sometimes be found in penal codes or other legislative acts specifically adopted to regulate sport. Recently such regulations have increasingly become the subject of special acts on combating doping in sport. The scope of criminalisation of behaviours connected with doping as well as the severity with which they are punished also differ and no wonder that these practices are not free from controversies and doubts. The questions asked include whether there are reasons that constitute grounds for criminalisation of such behaviours, whether the values which are infringed as a result are legal values justifying intervention of criminal law, or whether such practice constitutes the respect that is desired for the principle of subsidiarity of criminal law and criminal liability as ultima ratio. Others challenge the subsidiarity principle of criminal law as the form of a similar treatment under this law of the same or similar behaviours taking place in various spheres of human activity, both in the sense of their criminalisation and the severity with which they are penalised. Hence the problem of reacting to doping with the use of instruments that are available under criminal law for combating organised crime.
2
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Sprawność działania bramkarzy piłki nożnej w zespołach efektywnych sportowo

63%
Szwarc A., Chamera M.
Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu
|
2013
|
issue 42
36-43
EN
The aim of this study was to present a model which shows the efficiency of the goalkeepers’ actions in soccer based on observations of 12 direct elimination matches during the 2010 World Cup, the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations and the 2011 Copa America. Data was recorded on observational sheet template designed by the author. Goalkeepers’ actions, efficiency and reliability, during both offensive and defensive actions, were subject to examination. The study found that during offensive actions, for goalkeepers the most effective actions are those of taking control of the field of play and keeping possession of the ball. Whereas creating a goal scoring opportunity represents only a small percentage of their actions. Defensive actions are generally performed individually by goalkeepers and they are the most reliable while catching the ball.
3
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Sprawność działania koszykarzy zespołów efektywnych sportowo z uwzględnieniem pozycji zajmowanych w grze

51%
Szwarc A., Lekner I., Lipińska P.
Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu
|
2013
|
issue 42
44-61
EN
Background. The aim of the study was to describe models of the efficiency of basketball players playing at different positions in the top sports teams based on observation in direct elimination matches of the 2010 World Championships. Material and methods. An observation method was used in the study. Data was recorded on the authors’ observation sheets. Activity, efficiency and reliability during both offensive and defensive actions were subject to this examination. The play of basketball players was analysed in 7 basketball direct elimination matches of the World Championships. Results. It was revealed that most actions of the point guard (taking into account activity and efficiency) are aimed at handling and passing the ball, creating scoring opportunities and executing 3-point throws. 3 points are also often scored by the shooting guard and the power forward. On the other hand – the center and the power forward are especially active in creating scoring opportunities and in scoring 2 points. The power forward, the small forward, the shooting guard and the point guard prevent from losing 3 points. In the actions preparing for the situation to score a point and in actions preventing situations to score a point players of different positions perform a similar activity of action. Conclusions. Detailed analysis of actions applied in the game may indicate differences in the performance among players of different positions, implying the appropriate selection of individual training.
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