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PRACE NAD PRZYGOTOWANIEM USTAW PATENTOWYCH W OKRESIE TYMCZASOWEJ RADY STANU KROLESTWA POLSKIEGO, 1917–1918

100%
Łotysz S.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2017
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vol. 26
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issue 2(51)
37-53
EN
Shortly after Poland regained its independency in November 1918, the Chief of State Józef Piłsudski signed two decrees introducing the patent law in the country and bringing the Polish Patent Office into existence. In recent literature, the introduction of both decrees has been acknowledged as the starting point of legal patent protection in the independent Poland, while it is largely forgotten to whom the whole preparatory work should have been attributed. The draft of the patent law signed by Piłsudski has been worked out well before November 1918, by the Ministry of Industry of the Provisional Council of State of the Kingdom of Poland, a quasi-independent governing body established by the German and Austro-Hungarian occupying forces. This article attempts to reconstruct a contemporary discourse upon that issue, while explaining at the same time the reasons that made the enacted law very much imperfect. This work is based mainly on authentic documents from that era, and, since it uses both legal and technical writings, it is a novel attempt to address this issue. This paper argues that deficiencies of the first Polish patent legislation resulted from inability or, perhaps, unwillingness of the Ministry of Industry to seek advices from the experts in patent law – lawyers and patent agents, unquestionably being the most predisposed to this task.
2

Transeuropejska droga wodna przez Polesie a kwestia jego osuszenia w II Rzeczpospolitej

100%
Łotysz S.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2018
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vol. 63
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issue 1
7–37
EN
The reclamation of the Pinsk marshes, as envisaged in interwar Poland, was one of the most ambitious national investment projects of the era. The plan was closely linked with the concept of a trans-European waterway running through Polesie, that was also being contem¬plated around that time. The latter project was embedded in a larger discussion about Poland’s inland navigation. Eventually, neither of these projects were finalized or even begun, before the second world war broke out. This paper analyses the discourse that took place on both issues, with a particular focus on their inevitable intersection. While describing the political background of this discourse, the article reconsiders the role of the engineers as the principal, sometimes overlooked, players in these processes. This research was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, Grant No. 2015/19/B/HS3/03553
3
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INVENTING INDEPENDENCE. NEGOTIATING THE INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY LAW FOR FUTURE POLAND AT THE END OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

100%
Łotysz S.
International Journal of Legal Studies (IJOLS)
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2018
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issue 3(1)
319-336
EN
Shortly after Poland regained its independency in November 1918, the Chief of State Józef Pilsudski signed two decrees introducing the patent law in the country and bringing the Polish Patent Office into existence. In recent literature, the introduction of both decrees has been acknowledged as the starting point of legal patent protection in the independent Poland, while it is largely forgotten to whom the whole preparatory work should have been attributed. The draft of the patent law signed by Pilsudski has been worked out well before November 1918, by the Ministry of Industry of the Provisional Council of State of the Kingdom of Poland, a quasi-independent governing body established by the German and Austro-Hungarian occupying forces. This article attempts to reconstruct a contemporary discourse upon that issue, while explaining at the same time the reasons that made the enacted law very much imperfect. This work is based mainly on authentic documents from that era, and, since it uses both legal and technical writings, it is a novel attempt to address this issue. This paper argues that deficiencies of the first Polish patent legislation resulted from inability or, perhaps, unwillingness of the Ministry of Industry to seek advices from the experts in patent law – lawyers and patent agents, unquestionably being the most predisposed to this task.
PL
Wkrótce po odzyskaniu niepodległości przez Polskę w listopadzie 1918 r. Naczelnik Państwa Józef Piłsudski podpisał dwa dekrety wprowadzające prawo patentowe w kraju i ustanawiające Urząd Patentowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. W najnowszej literaturze wprowadzenie obu dekretów zostało uznane za punkt wyjścia do prawnej ochrony patentowej w niepodległej Polsce, podczas gdy w dużej mierze zapomniano, do kogo należało przypisać całą pracę przygotowawczą. Projekt prawa patentowego podpisany przez Piłsudskiego został opracowany na długo przed listopadem 1918 r. przez Ministerstwo Przemysłu Tymczasowej Rady Państwa Królestwa Polskiego, quasi-niezależny organ zarządzający ustanowiony przez okupację niemiecką i austro-węgierską siły. Niniejszy artykuł próbuje zrekonstruować współczesny dyskurs na ten temat, jednocześnie wyjaśniając powody, dla których uchwalone prawo było bar-dzo niedoskonałe. Praca ta opiera się głównie na autentycznych dokumentach z tamtej epoki, a ponieważ wykorzystuje zarówno pisma prawne, jak i techniczne, jest to nowa próba rozwiązania tego problemu. Artykuł niniejszy dowodzi, że uchybienia w pierwszym polskim prawie patentowym wynikały z niemożności lub, być może niechęci Ministerstwa Przemysłu do szukania porad od ekspertów w dziedzinie prawa patentowego - prawników i rzeczników patentowych, niewątpliwie najbardziej predysponowanych do tego zadania.
4

Bajecznie egzotyczne Polesie? Reportaż z krainy tęsknych pieśni Maksymiliana Emmera w perspektywie ekokrytycznej.

100%
Łotysz S.
Kwartalnik Filmowy
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2022
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issue 118 Jedno ujęcie
113-125
PL
W 1936 r. pierwszym polskim filmem krótkometrażowym nagrodzonym na Festiwalu Filmowym w Wenecji zostało Polesie. Reportaż z krainy tęsknych pieśni w reżyserii Maksymiliana Emmera i ze zdjęciami Jerzego Maliniaka. Film doceniono za autentyzm, z jakim autorzy pokazali przyrodę i życie społeczne mieszkańców Polesia, podmokłej krainy we wschodniej części II Rzeczpospolitej. Zarówno spojrzenie twórców na Polesie, jak i odbiór dzieła przez krytyków, opierało się na głęboko ugruntowanym przekonaniu, że to region niemal pierwotnej przyrody. Artykuł konfrontuje te wyobrażenia, żywe zresztą do dziś, z wynikami badań nad historią środowiskową Polesia, z których wynika, że z winy człowieka tamtejsze środowisko naturalne znajdowało się na skraju katastrofy. Autor wykorzystuje ten przykład jako pretekst do rozważań nad kwestią autentyzmu i autentyczności w tekstach kultury.
EN
In 1936, a Polish short documentary Polesie directed by Maksymilian Emmer was awarded the silver medal at the Venice International Film Festival. The judges, as well as Polish film critics, praised work of the camera operator Jerzy Maliniak, particularly in landscape scenes. Among the critics, however, there were some controversies regarding the authenticity of how Polesie was portrayed. Some of them asserted that the movie was free from the idyllic convention, while the others thought that producers deliberately avoided showing what life really looked like in the poorest and most neglected areas of the country. The alleged primaveral character of nature in Polesie, as shown in the film, may also be challenged in the light of recent findings in the field of environmental history studies. The article argues that while Emmer and Maliniak did not show the real living conditions of indigenous population quite deliberately, they failed to recognize the real condition of local nature being lured by the common myth of fabulously exotic Polesie that thrived in Poland in interwar period.
5

Niewykorzystany kapitał. Pomoc międzynarodowa a początki rehabilitacji zawodowej w Polsce po II wojnie światowej

100%
Łotysz S.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2021
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vol. 66
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issue 1
25–54
EN
In 1946, at the request of the Polish government, UNRRA sent in two British experts in vocational rehabilitation to help establish the national framework of helping people with disabilities. During numerous meetings with government representatives, medical doctors, and social workers, as well as by trainings, lectures, and screenings of instructional films, they tried to familiarise Poles with the British model of rehabilitation. The model assumed close integration of medical and vocational rehabilitation and aimed at placing the disabled workers in the industry alongside those without disabilities. Initially, officials from the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare seemed to be keen to adopt such an approach, but in 1949, they turned toward the Soviet solutions. One of the main effects of this shift was moving away from employing the disabled in the industry. They were encouraged to join cooperatives instead, which, in the end, proved to be unfavorable to their social rehabilitation. The article reconstructs the activity of the British experts in Poland and analyses their observations from the encounters. By situating these events in a broader context of political and social conditions, I argue that replacing the progressive British model with Soviet solutions stemmed from the ongoing process of the Sovietization of Poland.
6

Pomiędzy Lwą a Stwigą. Stanisław Kulczyński i jego projekt utworzenia poleskiego parku natury z 1932 roku

100%
Łotysz S.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2020
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vol. 65
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issue 2
29–48
EN
In 1928, when the Bureau for the Project of Amelioration of Polesie (a large marshy area in the eastern part of interwar Poland) began its field studies, environmental concerns were low on the list of its priorities. A year later, this brought the Bureau into serious conflict with the State Council for Nature Protection. When both institutions eventually came to terms with their contradictory ambitions and vaguely-defined competences to enter into substantial cooperation, the idea of reserving a large area of marshlands as a natural park came into being. In 1932, Stanisław Kulczyński, a botanist leading the Bureau’s peat bog research team and also a Council member, proposed protecting an area of roughly 100,000 hectares between the Lwa and Stwiga rivers. The future park would encompass most types of landscape typical of Polesie and, fortunately, most of its swamps, forests, dunes, and peat bogs were barely touched by human activity. The hydrogeological feature of the selected area safeguarded its immunity to the potential consequences of the amelioration works, if such were undertaken in any of the surrounding areas. This paper explores how the location and extent of the protection of the park were negotiated within the entangled networks of social, economic, and political agendas of national policy in inter-war Poland. The efforts to coordinate the pro-nature policy in Polesie with similar actions undertaken by the Soviets beyond the nearby border are also covered.
7
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Kraków czy Tarchomin? Historia sporu o lokalizację fabryki penicyliny przekazanej Polsce w ramach programu pomocowego UNRRA (1946–1947)

100%
Łotysz S.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2018
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vol. 27
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issue 1(52)
289-310
EN
In early 1946, UNRRA (the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration) offered to help several European countries, including Poland, to establish their own penicillin production. Initially, Poland’s fi rst penicillin plant was to be set up in an old hospital building in Kraków, and operated by the Ministry of Health. But in 1947, the government moved handling of the investment to the Ministry of Industry, and changed its designated location to an old pharmaceutical factory in Tarchomin, near Warsaw. Disappointed by this decision, the municipal authorities in Kraków attempted to revert it. This paper sheds light on a previously unknown chapter in the history of Poland’s pharmaceutical industry, while exploring the relations between municipal authorities and the centralized governmental institutions, during the fi rst few years of the communist regime’s consolidation in Poland. This work was made possible through fi nancial support from the National Science Centre, Poland, research grant number 2014/13/B/HS3/04951.
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