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Materiały piszczałkowe w zabytkowych organach

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Kobus Z.

Ochrona Zabytków

1972

issue 3

220-224

As one from among s e v e ra l e lem en ts of q u ite d ecisive im p o rtan c e fo r th e v a lu e of an c ie n t o rg an s a re to be con sid e red b o th th e k in d an d th e q u a lity of m a te r ia l th a t w a s used fo r m a n u f a c tu r e of th e ir pipes. Of th e need to a p p ly th e p ro p e r m a te ria ls fo r th e ir ex e c u tio n th e o rg a n -b u ild e rs w e re p e rfe c tly aw a re a lre a d y in th e mo st old en times. The p ro b lem a c q u ire d a p a rtic u la r im p o rta n c e w ith in th e Ba ro q u e p e riod d u rin g w h ich th e mo st fin e in s trum e n ts h av e been b u ilt. ' In th e long co u rse of th e a r t of o rg a n -b u ild in g q u ite a n u n u su a l role w a s p lay ed b y metals. The oldest p ip e s p re s e rv e d u p to o u r days w e re c a st of bronze, w h ich th e m e ta l w a s ap p lied to th is p u rp o s e as long as to th e 14th c en tu ry . The o th e r m a te ria l fin d in g its u se fo r th e c a stin g of o rg an p ip e s was th e copper th a t w a s a p p lie d from th e tim e s of e a rly Middle Ages and could be m e t q u ite sp o rad ic a lly as la te as in th e 16th and 17th c en tu ry . The le ad in its p u re fo rm used as th e m a te ria l fo r o rg an -b u ild in g u n til th e 13th c e n tu ry w as soon rep la c ed by tin w h ich took th e place of th e above m e ta ls used p rev io u sly . The tin has g rown to th e most ap p lied p ipe m a te ria l th o u g h in th e course of decades it could be fo u n d m o re an d mo re o ften in alloys w ith o th e r m e ta ls . As a r a th e r ex p en siv e an d d iffic u lt in h an d lin g m a te ria l it was used ex c lu siv e ly fo r m ak in g of p rin c ip a l an d r e la te d stops th a t w e re placed in th e fro n t p o rtio n s of in s trum e n t w h e re a s fo r th e plugged stops, p la c e d in r e a r p o rtio n s th e “p ip e ” m e ta l was in use. In th e o rg an -b u ild in g p ra c tic e it was p re p a re d as an a llo y of le ad and tin mixed in d iffe re n t weight p ro p o rtio n s an d m a rk e d according to th e an c ie n t m in t m e a su re u sed fo r silv e r alloys. To h av e th e tin or “p ip e ” m e ta l su ffic ien tly h a rd en ed w h en casting a n um b e r of a dm ix tu r e s , as m e rcu ry , b ism u th , iro n an d copper w e re added. D u rin g th e 19th c e n tu ry as a n ew k in d of m e ta l th a t w a s u se d in E u ro p e an o rg an s a p p e a re d th e zinc which b e in g a m a te ria l h a rd ly w o rk ab le a n d sen sitiv e to tem p e r a tu r e changes h ad p ro v ed useless fo r th e b u ild in g o f sm a ll size pipes an d th u s w as soon abandoned. In th e p e rio d of e a rly B a ro q u e an d la te r on econom ic a l g ro u n d s fo r th e b u ild in g of mo u n tin g s fo r some sto p s th e iro n sh e e t was used. However, in p e rio d of R e n a iss a n c e an d Ba ro q u e fo r th e m a n u f a c tu r e of s h o r t b u ck e ts fo r re e d -s to p s an d fo r stops w ith fu ll- le n g th mo u n tin g s th e b ra s s w as in use. S ta r tin g from th e 17th c e n tu ry on in th e m a n u fa c tu re of o rg a n p ip e s th e wood as a h a rd ly w o rk a b le and fa s t d e c ay in g m a te ria l was ap p lied in e v e r m o re and mo re lim ited q u a n titie s. In ad d itio n to “well so u n d in g ” oak wood w e re used th e b irch , boxwood, cedar, cypress, ch e rry , p e a r, ebony, sycamere, fir, m a p le , lime, mah ogany, ald e r, p ine an d sp ru c e wood. Only in q u ite e x trem e ly r a r e in stan c e s fo r th e m a n u fa c tu re of o rg an pipes w e re used th e silv e r a n d gold, ivory, a la b a s te r, glass, p ap e r, p o rc e la in o r clay. A p a rt from m a te ria ls used fo r th e making of o rg an pipes th e a u th o r deals w ith th e e ffe c t of m a te r ia l on sound colouring in o rg an p ip e s which th e q u e s tio n was a lre a d y d e a lt w ith in th e 19th c en tu ry as a r e s u lt of sev e ra l inv e stig a tio n s. W ith in his conclusion th e a u th o r ap p ealed to th o s e re sp o n sib le fo r co n se rv a tio n of an c ie n t o rgans n o t to rep la c e too fr e q u e n tly th e old pipes w ith th e n ew ones. Those th a t can n o t be saved owing to th e ir ad v an c ed d e te rio ra tio n should be rep la c ed by r e p licas m ad e as closely as possible to th e ir o rig in a ls. P ro v id ed th a t th is req u irem e n t w ill be fu lly m e t it mig h t be sta te d th a t th e re co n s tru c tio n of an c ie n t in s trum e n t has been c a rried o u t p ro p e rly .

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1 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Kobus Z.

1 1972

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Materiały piszczałkowe w zabytkowych organach