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Po akcji „Wisła” . Ewolucja polityki państwa polskiego wobec ludności ukraińskiej w latach 1947-1958

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Olejnik L., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. H.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
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2001
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vol. 71
EN
The underground structures of the Ukrainian nationalists in Poland were crushed as a result of the „Vistula” action which was carried out in 1947. Simultaneously over 140 thousands of Ukrainian people were expelled from the south-east part of Poland and dispersed on the west and north territory. During the following years the Ukrainian problem still absorbed the attention of the party and state governors, especially in a connection with the vivid tendencies of the deportees to return to their former places of settlement. In April 1952 Political Office of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party (KC PZPR) adopted a secret decision on the Ukrainian question. That act started the process o f changes in the attitude towards the Ukrainian minority in Poland. The results of the evolution of that policy were showed more clearly simultaneously to the increase of the political liberalisation in the country since 1955. In 1956 among the others the Ukrainian Socio-Cultural Association was created and the Ukrainian magazine „Nasze Slowo” started to be published. Even greater results were achieved in the fields of the cultural and educational life of that community and the considerable economic assistance was given to the Ukrainians as well. Still their most important claims (- the condemnation of the „Vistula” action and closely connected with that - a permission for the mass return to the former territory of their settlement) for various reasons were not fulfilled. This community obtained a formal equality of rights with the other ethnic groups. Still its situation was deeply influenced by the consequences of the decision which had been took up in 1947. A dispersion of the Ukrainians people limited the possibilities of the wider development of their cultural and religious life as well as their education.
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Organizacje dziennikarskie w Łodzi (1916-1939)

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Olejnik L., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. H.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
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1999
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vol. 66
EN
The first organization of journalists in Poland - the Association of the Mutual Help of the Polish Journalists - was created in Lwów in 1893. It was followed by the similar organizations in the other towns later. Still it was in Łódź not earlier but in August 1916 where the Association of the Polish Writers and Journalists was created and maintained its activity till 1919. The association of a similar character of mutual help was organized as well among the Jewish journalists in 1918 and was named the Association of the Jewish Writers and Journalists. The first full professional organization of the press editorial staff in Łódź was the Syndicate of the Polish Journalists, which came into being in April 1921. Its cofounder and the first president was editor Lucjan Dąbrowski. This organization has displayed its activity since 1924, when it became a part of the all-Polish journalist association. Since 1927 the journalists from the Jewish and German press in Łódź were also associated in that organization, which changed a name and then was called the Syndicate of the Journalists of Łódź (SDŁ). For many years (since 1924 till 1939) its president was editor Czesław Gumowski. The Syndicate dealt not only with the material and moral interests of its members. It also participated in the nation-wide actions, and spread wide cultural and entertainment activity as well (among the others the so called Press Reduts [Reduty Prasy] was organized - it ws a kind of the public press fetes). In Łódź in the years of the Second Republic of Poland (1918-1939) existed as well: the Union of the Sport Journalists of Republic of Poland and the Association of the Polish Journalists and Publicists of Economy.
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Z dziejów prasy łódzkiej. „Kurier Łódzki” i „Echo” - wydawnictwa Jana Stypułkowskiego (1919-1939)

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Olejnik L.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
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1995
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vol. 52
EN
In this article the history of one of two biggest Lodz publishing houses in the 2nd Rzeczpospolita (Republic) was presented. The lawyer Jan Stypulkowski played the main role in it, although at first he had a few partners (1920-1923 cx-Primc Minister Leopold Skulski). Since December 1919 the company edited „Kurier Łódzki” newspaper which arose on the base of the paper of the same title, bought from the previous publisher - Stanisław Książek - and of „Straż Polska”. In 1925 Jan Stypulkowski started publishing his sensational afternoon paper „Łódzkie Echo Wieczorne” (1928-1939 - „Echo”). In the early 1930’s on the intersection of 195 Piotrkowska Street and 2 Żwirki Street a modem building, containing a printing firm and offices of both newspapers, was built. In the 1930’s basing on many local mutations of „Echo” the newspaper company owned by Jan Stypułkowski successfully competed for the readers’ market on almost the whole teritory of Poland. The newspapers of the discussed above company underwent in the interwar period a significant ideological and political evolution. Until 1922 „Kurier Łódzki” was connected with the National Peasants’ Union and then it represented the Christian-Democratic direction. From the close of the 1920’s both newspapers gradually passed on to pro-sanacional positions.
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Społeczność żydowska w Łodzi, w latach 1945-1950. Zarys problemu

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Olejnik L., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. H.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
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1997
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vol. 60
EN
Between 1945 and 1950 Łódź was the biggest city centre of Jews who had survived the Holocaust. In the second half of 1946 (alter the repatriation from USSR) about 20-30,000 Jews lived there (according various sources). Their population decreased later. About 10-15,000 Jews stayed there after a surge of the emigration to Israel (1949-1950) and their national separateness was emphasized more and more weakly. A main organization of this environment was Wojewódzki Komitet Żydowski (The Provincial Jewish Board), established in Februar 1945, which was under the authority of Centralny Komitet Żydów w Polsce (The Central Jewish Boaid of Poland). The Board was engaged in protective and cultural activity first of all. It organized kindergartens, day-rooms, pupils’ hostels and orphanages. The action for productiveness of Jews was also an important form of its activity. There were 11 Jewish political parties then and also many sociétés and other organizations, including Jewish national funds, supporting the fight for Jewish state m Palestine. The Jewish Religious Congregation was also active. Since 1945 Łódź was the main centre of Jewish cultural life. Headquarters of the most important Jewish organizations were established in Łódź as well as well-known cultural creators and activists settled there. The first after-var Jewish paper „Dos Naje Lebn” was published there (among more than 20 others). The Jewish Theatre was revived and existed actively under an artistic management of Ida Kamińska. Musicians, artists, cinema people had also great achievments. 2 Jewish schools existed. Since the end of 1940s these rich and various forms of activity of Jewish community were gradually limited.
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„Zapamiętane z Brückstädt. Wspomnienia wojenne mieszkańców ziemi uniejowskiej”, pod red. Tomasza Wójcika, Uniejów 2014, ss. 438

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Olejnik L., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.
Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku
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2015
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vol. 15
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Profesor Stefan Wojtkowiak – karty z bogatego życiorysu

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Olejnik L., Łódzki U.
Zeszyty Wiejskie
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2012
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vol. 17
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Z dziejów Polskiego Stronnictwa Ludowego w powiecie sieradzkim (1945–1947)

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Olejnik L., Łódzki U.
Zeszyty Wiejskie
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2012
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vol. 17
EN
In the article introduced selected problems of the functioning of an independent peasant movement in district Sieradz in the first years after the Second World War. After the creation of the Provisional Government of National Unity and after the return of former Prime Minister in Exile Stanisław Mikołajczyk to the country there are major changes in the peasant movement. Formed an independent Polish Peasants Party, which is popular opposition to strengthen their authority Communists. In province of Łódź the party formed in the autumn 1945. This happens through massive transformation of local organizations already existing Peasants Party (Stronnictwo Ludowe – SL) in the structure of the Polish Peasants Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe – PSL). Of the constitution – 17th November 1945 – for about half of next year PSL in district Sieradz developed fast. Since then, Communists authorities have intensified the fight against the party led by S. Mikołajczyk. Secessions were inspired in the ranks of PSL, eliminated the influence of this group in local power structures and above all, party activists were repressed in a wide range. Mass arrests were intended to intimidate that political environment. Consequently of such actions at the turn of 1946 and 1947 the activities of PSL froze. In March 1947 some members and activists of PSL in district Sieradz went to the pro-Communist SL. Spring 1947, inspired by The Provincial Board of PSL in Lodz, in district Sieradz have been made recovery attempts of indepentent PSL. Communist Security Apparatus prevented them effectively.
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Ruch ludowy w powiecie sieradzkim w okresie „odwilży popaździernikowej” (1956–1958)

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Olejnik L., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. H.
Zeszyty Wiejskie
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2016
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vol. 22
EN
In the aftermath of the de-Stalinization processes (“political thaw”) the domestic peasant movement became markedly revived. The United People's Party (ZSL) was joined by genuine people’s activists who had been previously removed from active politics and accused for being in opposition to the communists. The district of Sieradz was also affected by the revival of the peasant movement. The ZSL activity was undergoing changes. The district management of the party fell into the hands of the activists who had been previously engaged in the structures of the opposition party of PSL, Polish People’s Party. The function of the district chairman of ZSL was at long last entrusted to Jan Plewiński in 1956, a dedicated people’s activist, a member of the people’s resistance movement during the Nazi occupation, and the leader of people’s party members in Sieradz. In the wake of the “October of 1956”, the members of the people’s party in Sieradz made an attempt of strengthening ZSL’s position in social and political life and increasing their independence of the governing PZPR (Polish United Workers Party). To achieve this goal they used political campaigns to the Seym and National Councils, among others. However, their endeavors remained ineffective as the PZPR policy, implemented with the aid of security agencies, put paid to the hopes of more profound political changes.
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