The paper is aimed at indicating the position of a rehabilitative ideal in the Polish prison system in relation to dominant Western penal trends. As a theoretical framework of such described exploration, categories of modernity and late modernity are used. The author shares the point of view that many changes which have taken place especially in the USA and the UK for the period of the last four decades may outline the direction of universal trends in penalties. It does not exclude the possibility of the inner diversity of national penal systems to the extent to which traits of modernity and late modernity can co-exist. The Polish case may just be interpreted in terms of such a kind of complexity and will show – towards Western penitentiaries – some kind of shift on the way leading to late modern society. Threads and issues mentioned in the paper have not been profoundly considered in the Polish theory of correction so far. The problem of the current Polish correctional facility – especially when it comes to the aspect of its efficiency – is quite rarely taken up in the perspective of challenges determined by the time of advanced modernity.
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