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  1. 3 Historia i Świat

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  1. 3 MARGARYAN G.

  2. 2 HARUTYUNYAN A.

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  1. 2 2025

  2. 1 2024

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The religious factor in commercial activities of Armenian merchants (15th-18th centuries)

100%
MARGARYAN G.
Historia i Świat
|
2025
|
vol. 14
193–204
EN
This paper examines the significant impact of religious identity on the commercial activities of Armenian Christian merchants operating in Muslim spaces between the 15th and 18th centuries. Drawing on primary sources including Armenian chronicles, colophons of Armenian manuscripts, and European travel accounts, the study examines how religious identity created both obstacles and opportunities for Armenian merchants. The results show that Armenian merchants faced systematic disadvantages and challenges compared to Muslim merchants on the one hand, including higher customs duties, vulnerability to confiscation of property and physical threats based solely on religious identity, and on the other hand compared to European merchants who operated largely under state protection or within large trading organizations such as the East India Companies. We have categorized these problems into three main groups: physical harassment and violence, economic discrimination through differential taxation and pressure to convert. At the same time, the Christian identity of Armenian merchants sometimes facilitated diplomatic missions and trade relations with European powers. However, unlike European merchants who enjoyed protection in the form of surrender treaties and the support of trading companies, Armenian merchants largely lacked institutional support in Muslim territories. This study contributes to the understanding of the intersection of religion, trade networks and cross-cultural commercial relations in the pre-modern Middle East by emphasizing that religious affiliation served as both a burden and a strategic asset for minority merchant communities.
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Ideological Resistance in Early Soviet Azerbaijan: A Textual Analysis of a Unique Archival Document

63%
HARUTYUNYAN A., MARGARYAN G.
Historia i Świat
|
2025
|
vol. 14
369–381
EN
The article analyses the anti-Soviet sentiments and movements in Soviet Azerbaijan in the late 1920s and early 1930s on the basis of Strictly Confidential documents received to the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR. Particular attention is paid to the reflection of anti-Russian sentiments on the basis of an analysis of both the document and two interesting poems, which show the perception of Russians both among the anti-Bolshevik-minded segments of the population associated with parties operating underground and among young people. Textual analysis of this document shows that anti-Bolshevik sentiments often acquired a pronounced anti-Russian character. All these circumstances were manifested in the dissatisfaction of various strata of Azerbaijani society with the Soviet regime, which, along with anti-Russian sentiments, also acquired the character of pro-Turkish movements.
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Prostitution and its perception as a social and economic phenomenon in Iran and the Caucasus in the late Middle Ages

63%
MARGARYAN G., HARUTYUNYAN A.
Historia i Świat
|
2024
|
vol. 13
291–300
EN
The connection between the Iranian world and the Caucasus is longstanding and encompasses various areas, including history, culture, language and religion. The objective of this article is to investi-gate the prevalence and taxation of prostitution in late medieval Iran from the inception of the Mongol period (Ilkhanate) to the decline of the Safavids. Prostitution was increasingly perceived as a form of tra-de and was therefore subject to taxation in the same way as other forms of trade. Notwithstanding the efforts of secular authorities to eradicate it and in spite of the fact that in Muslim Iran prostitution was deemed a breach of Islamic law, the practice endured on a notable scale.
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