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1

DRAVIDIAN AND ALTAIC PARTS OF THE BODY 5. 'EXTREMITIES' - HEAD, FINGER, FOOT/LEG

100%
Vacek J.
Rocznik Orientalistyczny
|
2010
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vol. 63
|
issue 1
266-270
EN
The paper discusses three Dravidian and Altaic etymological nests with the meaning 'head', 'finger' and 'foot/leg'. In the introductory section some of the theoretical prerequisites are specified with a preliminary conclusion that the character of the Dravidian and Altaic parallels points to an early high contact situation between ancestor languages, in which a process of borrowing took place not long before the historical period started. The great variability/irregularity, or even 'fuzziness', of the parallels and the many grammatical 'lacunae' can be considered symptomatic of the contact situations as they are described by modern sociolinguistic studies. The three etymological nests then list the available parallels in the two language families (corresponding both formally, and also semantically, including some typical semantic extensions). To illustrate the Dravidian lexical context more clearly, various Dravidian synonyms are included together with a more detailed description of their occurrences and variations in other Dravidian languages and also their occurrences in the oldest literary documents of Old Tamil (Sangam literature, around the beginning of the Christian era).
2

Old Tamil Kings and Chieftains as Described in Sangam Literature

100%
Vacek J.
Cracow Indological Studies
|
2013
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vol. 15: Text History and Society as Depicted in Indian Literature and Art. Part II. ŚRAVYA. Poetry & Prose
325-354
EN
Old Tamil Sangam literature can offer some very concrete information about a number of local kings and chieftains (Pāri, Ōri, Āy, Naḷḷi, Pēkaṉ etc.) and occasionally also their relations with the three great dynasties Pāṇṭya, Cōḻa and Cēra. The three dynasties use special symbols, which are partly derived from nature: tiger (puli) – the emblem of the Cōḻa Kings; fish (mīṉ) – the symbol of the Pāṇṭyas. The Western Cēras use a ‘military’ symbol, viz. the bow (vil). Kings and chieftains (vēḷir) are referred to on various occasions; they fulfil various roles, among other things also that of ‘sponsors’ of the poets. References to chieftains and other ‘political’ figures in Sangam literature are made with regard to war and partly other social functions as can be seen in the standard formulas appearing with these figures. The paper sums up some of the roles of the castes according to the Poruḷatikāram of the Tolkāppiyam grammar and then deals with the ‘positive’ attributes of kings and chieftains. For example, they possess strong or quick bows (val vil, 33x), long lances (neṭu vēl, 29x) or sharp lances (kūr vēl, 10x), (great) moving chariots (iyal tēr, 21x) or strong chariots (tēr vaṇ, 8x), and strong horses (mā vaṇ, 11x) or big horses (neṭu mā, 5x). Their hands are wide (taṭam kai, 46x) and liberal (kai vaṇ, 18x) and they perform victorious battles (vel pōr, 36x) and good battles (nal pōr, 7x). They have a reputation for liberality (vaṇ pukaḻ, 5x), in fact, they experience joy in liberality (vaṇ makiḻ, 14x). They enjoy excellence (cīr keḻu, 14x), abundant fame (urai cāl, 19x) or great fame (name) (peru peyar, 36x). There are also negative attributes. The paper will document some selected ‘qualifications’ of the ‘men of war’.
3

Gyula Wojtilla, Kāśyapīyakr̥ṣisūkti. A Sanskrit Work on Agriculture. Edited with an Introductory Study by G. Wojtilla. Beiträge zur Kenntnis südasiatischer Sprachen und Literaturen 21. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010, 144 pp.; ISBN 978-3-447-06265-7

100%
Vacek J.
Cracow Indological Studies
|
2014
|
vol. 16: Tantric Traditions in Theory and Practice
393-395
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