The NATO integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is closely tied to a strong surge in externally led state building following the conflict of the 1990s Informed by the ideals of liberal peace, one of the key components of state building was security sector reform and a restructuring of the armed forces. A shifting approach by the international community, varying between imposing decisions and insisting on local ownership, managed to establish the joint BiH Armed Forces, but allowed for the appropriation of the NATO integration process by local ethnic party elites. As a result, NATO integration in BiH regressed into an exercise in institutional reform, pursued in disarray and primarily addressing technical issues. Even if successfully brought to fruition, NATO integration will have failed to achieve the objectives of fostering substantive peace in BiH.
The Western Balkans, which include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia, are important geopolitical entities that serve as a conduit and battleground for influence between the European Union (EU) and external powers such as Russia, China, and Turkey. This article explores the complexities of EU integration in the Western Balkans, emphasising significant external influences from those global actors. The primary research problem focuses on how these influences manifest politically, economically, and culturally along with their implications for the region’s EU accession efforts. The analysis demonstrates that the EU’s approach to enlargement is increasingly influenced by geopolitical imperatives rather than purely political and economic reforms. Given the involvement of many external actors, the EU must devise a sophisticated policy that strikes a balance between advancing democratic ideals and addressing strategic security concerns. The article emphasises the EU’s urgent need to accelerate integration as a “geostrategic investment” (European Commission, 2018), with the goal of stabilising its periphery and countering these external forces. Finally, the article claims that successful EU integration for the Western Balkans depends on efficiently controlling external impacts and strengthening institutional resilience. The findings call for a diverse EU policy that blends geopolitical pragmatism with democratic governance to ensure the region’s inclusion into the European framework. This strategic balance is critical for maintaining stability and promoting long-term development in the Western Balkans in the face of competing global interests.
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