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PL
Tematem niniejszego artykułu jest zaangażowanie się organizacji pozarządowych (NGOs) w pobudzanie potrzeby komunikowania się i współpracy na przykładzie realizacji polskiej kampanii społecznej "Masz głos, masz wybór" oraz aktywności czeskich stowarzyszeń − Zmeń Politiku i Vymeńte Polityki. Opracowanie stanowi również próbę wyjaśnienia fenomenu (przed)wyborczego ożywienia czeskich obywateli.
EN
The paper addresses the role of NGOs in stimulating the need to communicate and collaborate in the Polish social campaign "Masz glos, masz wybor", and the activity of Czech associations − Zmen politiku i Vymente polityki. The paper is also an attempt to explain the earlier phenomenon of the election "boom" of Czech citizens.
EN
The article focuses on the analysis of social reactions that manifest themselves in the form of comments of Internet users regarding mothers who killed their children. The aim of the study was an attempt to create a typology of Internet users judging a “killer mother”. The analysis includes anonymous Internet users who posted comments under the articles of two portals: Wp.pl (”Wirtualna Polska”) and Onet.pl (”Onet”). Comments on three selected cases of murders of minors in Poland over the decade (2003-2013) were submitted.
EN
In the context of the contemporary wave of migration from Poland to Norway and the growing interest in research on child migrants, this article focuses on children’s experiences, their opinions, and the practices by which Polish migrant children growing up in Norway engage in school life in their receiving country. School integration is examined through 32 semi-structured interviews with the children aged 6 to 13, born in Poland and living permanently in Norway. In this article, migrant children are treated as experts on their school integration. Such an approach will help us to better understand their needs, and thus to develop an appropriate educational policy in Norway based on migrant children’s experiences and their opinions about their school life. The aim of this article’s is to fill the knowledge gap pertaining to the integration of Polish children in Norway, seen from the missing perspective of the children themselves. The argumentation is based on the assumption that Polish children in Norway are “temporarily visible”. When a migrant child does not manage to adapt to the school environment, regardless of the support he or she receives from school, family and peers, then the costs of inclusion and integration increase and the difficulties multiply.
PL
W kontekście współczesnej fali emigracji z Polski do Norwegii oaz rosnącego zainteresowania badaniami z dziećmi migrantami, artykuł skupia się na doświadczeniach, opiniach i praktykach, przez które polskie dzieci dorastające w Norwegii włączają się w życie szkolne w tym kraju przyjmującym. Analiza integracji szkolnej opiera się na 30 pół-ustrukturyzowanych wywiadach z dziećmi w wieku 6 do 13 lat, urodzonymi w Polsce i mieszkającymi na stałe w Norwegii. Dzieci migrantów będę traktować jako ekspertów w dziedzinie swojej integracji szkolnej. Taka perspektywa przyczyni się do lepszego zrozumienia ich potrzeb, a tym samym do tworzenia adekwatnej polityki edukacyjnej w Norwegii, bazującej na doświadczeniach i opiniach dzieci migrantów na temat ich życia szkolnego. Celem artykułu jest uzupełnienie niedostatku wiedzy na temat integracji szkolnej polskich dzieci w Norwegii z punktu widzenia dzieci. Wiodącą tezą artykułu jest twierdzenie, że dzieci polskich imigrantów są „tymczasowo widoczne” w norweskiej szkole. Jeśli dziecko migrant nie podejmie wysiłków, aby przystosować się do środowiska szkolnego, bez względu na wsparcie które otrzymuje od szkoły, rodziny oraz rówieśników, to wraz z upływem czasu koszty integracji wzrosną i stanie się ona trudniejsza.
PL
W artykule analizujemy mozaikę niekorzystnych aspektów związanych z sytuacją społeczno-ekonomiczną dzieci polskich imigrantów w norweskim środowisku szkolnym. Główna uwaga zostaje zwrócona na doświadczane przez dzieci dyskryminacje, wynikające ze zróżnicowania statusu społecznego (w porównaniu z dziećmi norweskimi), wspomnienia i przeżycia przemocy rówieśniczej w postaci dręczenia (ang. bullying) oraz tworzenie indywidualnych strategii zaradczych w obliczu „pracy rówieśniczej”. Dowodzimy, że manifestowane przez dzieci nierówności społeczno-ekonomiczne przejawiają się w aktach bullyingu. Ponadto ukazujemy rolę norweskiej szkoły i środowiska szkolnego w przebiegu integracji dzieci polskich imigrantów, kształtowania ich samooceny, oceny statusu społecznego rodziny oraz oceny poziomu zamożności kraju pochodzenia i przybycia. Artykuł bazuje na wynikach dwóch projektów badawczych: „Doświadczenia dzieci dorastających transnarodowo” (zadanie nr 5 prowadzone w ramach polsko-norweskiego projektu Transfam w latach 2013–2016) oraz „Proces adaptacji dzieci polskich imigrantów. Badania terenowe w Norwegii” (projekt doktorancki realizowany w latach 2013–2014 w Instytut Socjologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego).
EN
This article discusses a mosaic of unfavorable aspects related to the socio-economic situation of children of Polish immigrants in the Norwegian school environment. The main focus is placed on discrimination experienced by these children due to non-majority social status (as compared to Norwegian children). Moreover, we examine memories and experiences of peer violence in a form of bullying and individual coping strategies seen as ‘peer work’. We demonstrate that socio-economic inequalities manifested by children can be seen in the bullying acts. In addition, we show the role of the Norwegian school and the school environment in a process of integration among the children of Polish immigrants. We note how it shapes their self-esteem, as well as assess social status of a family and the economic situation in the countries of origin and arrival. The article is based on the results of two research projects: Children’s experience of growing up transnationally (Work Package 5 conducted within the Transfam project between 2013 and 2016) and The adaptation process of children of Polish immigrants. Field research in Norway (a doctoral project implemented in 2013–2014 at the Institute of Sociology of the Jagiellonian University).
EN
The article provides a sociological analysis of national identities of Polish children growing up in Norway. The research results presented are unique in the sense that the portrayals of national identifications constructed in the process of migration are shown through direct experiences of children. The analysis is based on semi-structured interviews with children, observation in the research situation (children’s rooms) and Sentence Completion Method. Adopting Antonina Kłoskowska’s analytical framework of national identity and her terminology of the so called ‘cultural valence’ (adoption of culture), we argue that identities are processual and constructed, a result of the fact that mobility took place at a certain moment in time and in a specific geographical space. In addition, we see identities as conditioned by a plethora of identifiable objective and subjective reasons. The intensified mobility of children due to labour migrations of their parents leads to multiple challenges within the (re)constructions of children’s identities in their new place of settlement.
EN
An increase in binational relationships in the contemporary world is generating a complex web of family, relational, educational, organizational, and identification practices. The intercultural marriage contract also often gives rise to tensions and conflicts stemming from cultural, social, religious and economic differences. In all certainty, the experiences and daily lives of children in such relationships deserve special attention, and, on the basis of the Transfam research project findings, this chapter strives to fill the gap. Sociological research into binational relationships and children raised in such family configurations is predominantly framed from the adult’s perspective. Here we try to reach into the core of identified issues and approach the experience of living in a binational family from the child’s perspective as well. The multicultural experience of growing up in Norway under the guidance of interethnic parents (Polish-Norwegian) is compared to the monocultural experience of children raised by intraethnic Polish-Polish couples. This article is based on interviews with children aged 6–13, observations registered during the course of those interviews (most commonly in children’s rooms), and the Sentence Completion Test.
EN
This article is dedicated to the issues pertinent to transnational families found in children’s narratives. We seek to shed light on the under-researched area of transnational research on ‘doing family’, which is vital due to the growing number of Polish families settling abroad, deciding on ‘being together’ and choosing a family reunification strategy in their mobility projects. Embedding an entire family in the destination society has profound implications for building and maintaining family ties, also across borders, as well as for changing the shape of the everyday experience of familiality among children of immigrants. We draw a sociological portrait of the migration family, depicting the typical issues of work patterns among the parents (mothers’ and fathers’ jobs), the division of household and care labour, leisure patterns and maintenance of ties with family in Poland. Honing in on these issues facilitates the understanding of how social roles are fulfilled, and how social statuses are attained, both seen through the gender lens. Empirically, the paper is based on the Transfam project’s sub-study entitled Children’s experience of growing up transnationally. This qualitative and participatory inquiry consisted of interviews with children aged 6 to 13, born in Poland and living permanently in Norway. The methodological approach facilitated understanding children as active actors, who perceive and define their social worlds. Children were encouraged and asked to recall their migration experiences, as well as express their views on the work type, meanings, commitments and schedules of their parents.
PL
Mass foreign mobility of Poles is a complex socio-economic phenomenon, permanently inscribed into modern Polish history. With the intensification of the processes of globalization and migration, more and more people are experiencing family life which transcends geographical boundaries, for a shorter or longer period of life. The article is based on research carried out in the framework of the international Transfam project entitled Doing family in transnational context. Demographic choices, Adaptations welfare, school integration and every-day life of Polish families living in Polish-Norwegian transnationality. The aim of the article is to analyze emotional capital as a component of social capital which builds transnational family bonds in the separation and family reunification phases from the perspective of parents and children. We assume that in the situation of migration the emotional capital is neither resource-specific to a given gender, nor is assigned to the role of the family. In transnational families both parents and children are the entities carrying emotional capital. Moreover, we claim that in the transnational space there occurs an increase in the mobilization and exchange of personal emotional capital, which translates into an increase in the supply of family and familistic capital, and consequently may contribute to the development of bridging capital. The transmission of the meaning of family, familism, relations, and migration-related emotions not only builds bridges across borders but also increases the chances for experiencing happiness and for its persistence due to gaining a sense of family closeness.
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