The analysis in this article provides an overview of the research on the current relations among countries of the South China Sea basin. For this purpose, I have decided to apply the geopolitical research workshop, focusing on its contemporary approach. On the one hand, this work uses the available indicators and index to gauge the level of development, economic and demographic potential, and military expenditure of these states. On the other hand, an effort was made to analyze and measure power, taking into account the changing geopolitical status of countries in this sub-region. Contemporary geopolitics in this context allows to verify the scale of the impact on permanent environmental and geographic factors (e.g. publicized investments carried out by the People’s Republic of China in Mischief Reef, Fiery Cross, Subi Reef and Woody Island) and the elaboration of proposals going beyond the classical, geopolitical framework (morphological, political and military factors). Therefore, this article also includes the use of geopolitical codes to assess the current strategies of these countries and to describe potential scenarios of actors’ behaviour in the sub-region.
In 1999 has begun a gradual evolution of the Common European Security and Defense Policy. This was the response of EU countries to the growing threat in the international arena. The emergence of a new policy on advancing the process of European integration was a major contribution to the development of cooperation in the fields of security and in the shaping of politicalunion basis. The EU is carrying out the ESDP civilian, civilian-military and military operations on the European continent and beyond this area. In fact, since the creation of the European Communities western European countries accounted for postcolonial policies towards African states, especially sub-Saharan Africa. African and non-African colonies of western European states have been associated with the European Economic Community on the basis of the Treaties of Rome in 1957. What is important in the process of decolonization, they regained their independence, but political and economic relationship remained. The current formula for the EU-African cooperation has been significantly transformed. Involvement in peacekeeping in Democratic Republic of Congo is a clear continuation of the European policy. Since regaining independence by the former Belgian colony the interventions in the DRC have been taken by France and Belgium. Operations such as Artemis, EUFOR RD CONGO, EUSEC, EUPOL RD Congo and EUPOL KINSHASA are the perfect example of growth of the postcolonial regional EU responsibility for the safety of sub-Saharan Africa.
W celu udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytania badawcze dotyczące procesu regionalizacji bezpieczeństwa w Azji Środkowej, niezbędne jest rozważenie kwestii bezpieczeństwa w kontekście regionalnym jako zespołu idei, norm, instytucji i tożsamości, które są tworzone przez państwa. Moje podstawowe pytanie badawcze jest następujące: jaka jest obecnie dynamika oraz jakie są podstawy środkowoazjatyckiego regionalizmu. Dlatego celem mojego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie obecnej specyfiki regionalizmu Azji Środkowej. Koncentruję się także na konstruktywistycznych rolach społecznych i kulturalnych kwestii oraz na wkładzie Kazachstanu w rozwój regionalizacji bezpieczeństwa w Azji Środkowej. Te aspekty są ważne, by zrozumieć obecną ewolucję regionalizmu w regionie Azji Środkowej. W pierwszej części zdecydowałem się przedstawić istotne koncepcje regionalizmu i regionalizacji, które stanowią dla mnie kluczową podstawę umożliwiającą analizę znaczenia podejścia regionalnego na poziomie krajów Azji Środkowej. Następnie skupiam się na trendach i podstawach regionalizacji w Azji Środkowej, kazachskiej roli w tym procesie, zaś wszystkie moje wnioski i odpowiedzi na postawione pytania zwieńczone zostały sekcją poświęconą konkluzjom.
EN
In order to respond to the research questions regarding the regionalization of security in Central Asia, it is necessary to consider the security in a regional context as a set of ideas, norms, institutions and identities, which are formed by states. My basic research question is concerned about what is the current dynamics and what are grounds of the Central Asia regionalism. Therefore the aim of my article is to present the specificity of current Central Asian regionalism. I also focus on the constructivist role of social and cultural issues and the contribution of Kazakhstan to the development of regionalization of security in Central Asia. These aspects are important to understand a current evolution of regionalism in the region of Central Asia. In the first part I decided to put forward essential concepts of regionalism and regionalization that are crucial basis for me to analyze the importance of regional approach on the level of Central Asian countries. Then I concentrate on the trends and grounds of regionalization in Central Asia, the Kazakh role in this process and all my findings and answers to questions are ended by a section of conclusions.
Central Asia is revealing itself as an area where the problem of access to water and its current regional dynamics are almost at a radically critical level, where the potential risk of water disputes is still one of the highest in the world. Therefore, water scarcity issues and challenges triggered by the Aral Sea syndrome, the existing water mismanagement system, infrastructural and investment projects of dams and water reservoirs (Rogun, Naryn, Kambarata, Toktogul, etc.) and their transformation towards an existential threat will be analyzed within the securitization prism through the selected speech acts. This article will contribute to developing a new analytical framework of Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) and the securitization theory in water stress. The efforts undertaken in this article will ultimately lead to the development of a new approach to issues of water security and hydro politics within the concept of the Regional Water Security Complex (RWSC) on the example of the Central Asian region. The main research question will be to what extent water, as an immanent feature of this complex, is politicized and securitized. An important question will also be how the formulated security language indicates the existential nature of water as a security problem in the region.
This article analyzes the geopolitical significance of the Nova Kakhovka Dam during the period of 2022‑ 2023, with a focus on its role as a potential existential threat within the critical discourse of water security. The analysis is framed within the context of hydropolitics and critical hydrographic geopolitics, situated within the broader theoretical framework of critical security studies. Through in‑ depth research on the discourse and language of security related to this issue, the article assesses the strategic implications of the dam for regional security and international relations. Special emphasis is placed on the period following the Russian aggression in February 2022, leading up to the dam’s destruction by Russian forces in June 2023. Consequently, this article serves as a valuable resource for analysts and policymakers involved in the formulation of water security strategies and agendas.
PL
W artykule analizuję geopolityczne znaczenie zapory Nowa Kachowka w latach 2022‑ 2023, podkreślając jej rolę jako potencjalnego zagrożenia egzystencjalnego w krytycznym dyskursie bezpieczeństwa wodnego. Analiza ta prowadzona jest za pomocą ram hydropolityki, krytycznej geopolityki hydrograficznej, które osadzone są w szerokim, teoretycznym kontekście krytycznych studiów nad bezpieczeństwem. Przeprowadzenie pogłębionych badań nad dyskursem i językiem bezpieczeństwa w tym zakresie, pozwala ocenić strategiczne implikacje samej zapory dla bezpieczeństwa regionalnego i stosunków międzynarodowych. Szczególny nacisk położyłem na obecną perspektywę, tj. od rosyjskiej agresji w lutym 2022 r. po jej zniszczenie przez Rosjan w czerwcu 2023 r. W związku z powyższym, artykuł stanowi pomocne źródło informacji dla analityków i decydentów politycznych w zakresie formułowanych strategii i agend bezpieczeństwa wodnego.
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