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XX
A bill of the 23rd March 2006, worked out in the Department of Justice, intends an introduction of the crime of hooliganism character to the penal code. What is it “crime of hooliganism character”? What circumstances show that it was committed a crime of hooliganism character? It should be emphasized that an institution of the act of hooliganism character isn’t new in the Polish research of the penal law. It was known to the Polish code of 1969 and currently can be found in the misdemeanor (administrative offence, delinquency) law. Since the beginning of being she gave rise to a great deal of discussion and was criticized. The revised bill includes a definition of this institution. But an analysis of the judicature and researches of the literature show, how ambiguous phenomenon is the hooliganism and how unclear are the elements of the definition of the institution of the crime of hooliganism character, which is written down in this bill. So it should be considered, if a proposed amendment to the penal code is legitimate (well-founded). It should be also considered, if an amendment to the Polish penal law is necessary. A justification of the bill raises in this scope a lot of doubts and doesn’t persuade of the rightness of the proposed amendments in the penal law.
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EN
The paper analyses the features of the offence of stalking in Austrian criminal law. Presented are views expressed in Austrian literature, and numerous actual cases of stalking are quoted. The Austrian Criminal Code covers stalking in the chapter entitled Crimes Against Personal Freedom (§ 107a). Literature emphasises that the normative description of the offence contains plenty of imprecisely defined notions. The essence of the perpetrator’s behaviour is “persistent persecution”. The feature was defined in the act through the descriptions of four alternative modes of the perpetrator’s behaviour. All the four relevant legal behaviours of the perpetrator have two premises in common. First is the continuation of the behaviour for an extended period of time (the quantitative premise), and the other is the capacity of such behaviour to infringe the life of a given person (qualitative premise), with the infringement being unzumutbar, i.e. bearing it may not be expected from the victim. The act does not envisage any qualified types for this offence. It is a general, formal, and intentional offence, and the presence of perpetrator’s dolus eventualis is sufficient. The doctrine agrees that an attempt at stalking is possible along the general rules. In the original version, stalking was prosecuted in various manners, depending on its variety. After the changes in the criminal procedure, stalking became an offence pursued always at the discretion of the public prosecutor, regardless of the willingness of the victim. In Austria, stalking has been penalised since 2006, and in Poland, only since 2011. The examples of stalker behaviours and conclusions that result from the few years of application of the law penalising stalking may provide a valuable suggestion in the interpretation of the Article 190a of the Polish Penal Code.
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań są uregulowania polskiego systemu prawnego, odnoszące się do problemu bezprawnego przekroczenia granicy państwowej. Autorka przedstawiła rys historyczny przepisów dotyczących nielegalnego przekroczenia polskiej granicy i dokonała oceny zasadności zmian legislacyjnych poczynionych w tym zakresie. Autorka podkreśliła także znaczenie przedmiotowej problematyki w świetle postanowień kodeksu granicznego Schengen. Analizie poddane zostały przepisy kodeksu karnego i kodeksu wykroczeń, dotyczące kryminalizacji zachowań polegających na bezprawnym przekroczeniu granicy państwowej. Uwaga zwrócona została na wybrane kwestie, wywołujące kontrowersje w doktrynie. Wskazane zostały rozbieżności występujące w literaturze prawa karnego, między innymi co do charakteru typów czynów zabronionych z art. 264 k.k. Analizie poddana została strona podmiotowa wykroczenia z art. 49a k.w. W rezultacie rozważań autorka dokonała ewaluacji jakości penalizacji nielegalnego przekroczenia polskiej granicy.
EN
The subject of the deliberations constitutes regulations of the Polish legal system relating to the problem of unlawful crossing of the state border. The author has presented the historical evolution of the provisions concerning illegal crossing of the Polish border and has made an assessment of the justification of the legislative changes done in this area. The author has also emphasized the significance of the issue of illegal crossing of the Polish border in the light of the Schengen Borders Code. The provisions of the Criminal Code and the Code of Contraventions regarding the penalization of unlawful crossing of the Polish border have been analysed. The analysis has focused on the selected issues prompting controversies in the criminal law doctrine. The different opinions expressed in literature have been shown, for example as to the types of offences described in Article 264 of the Criminal Code. The mental element of the offence specified in Article 49a of the Code of Contraventions has been the subject of the analysis. As a result of the deliberations the author has made an evaluation of the quality of the Polish regulations in the field of penalization of illegal crossing of the Polish border.
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In the Ministry of Justice a bill of the 20th February 2007 on the changes of the misdemeanor (contravention) law has been worked out. Today, i.e. on 4th May 2007, the bill has been accepted by the Polish government. In the report the bill regulations that show a tendency of changes in law kept by the government have been presented. These regulations have been assessed. In the report some de lege ferenda demands have been also put forward. The subject of the research constitute only some chosen regulations of the bill.
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