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EN
The so-called Apostolic Tradition is usually considered an element of the history of the liturgy of the Roman Church. This conviction lays ultimately on two presuppositions: on the attribution of the Apostolic Tradition to St. Hippolytus of Rome and on the presence of two postbaptismal anointings in the baptismal ritual of Apostolic Tradition, which is peculiar exclusively to the Roman liturgy. However, none of these presuppositions is certain. The arguments for St. Hippolytus’ authorship are so weak, that this attribution must be considered highly improbable. The presence of two postbaptismal anointings in the Apostolic Tradition can be explained by the complexity of its baptismal ritual which seems to be a conflation of different traditions. On the other hand, the Roman tradition of two postbaptismal anointings is probably due to the episcopal prerogative to administer the confirmation and to the concession given to presbyters to anoint the neophytes with the chrism at the baptisms administered by them. This presbyteral chrismation was afterwards extended to every baptism. Consequently, the origins of the Apostolic Tradition are far from certain and its Roman provenance is by no means proved.
PL
Tzw. Tradycja apostolska jest zwykle traktowana jako element historii liturgii Kościoła w Rzymie. Przeświadczenie to opiera się ostatecznie na dwóch przesłankach: na przypisaniu dokumentu św. Hipolitowi Rzymskiemu oraz na fakcie obecności w rytuale chrzcielnym Tradycji apostolskiej dwóch namaszczeń pochrzcielnych, co jest specyfiką rytu rzymskiego. Żadna z tych przesłanek nie jest pewna. Przypisanie Tradycji apostolskiej Hipolitowi Rzymskiemu opiera się na tak wątpliwych argumentach, że musi zostać uznane za niezwykle mało prawdopodobne. Obecność dwóch namaszczeń pochrzcielnych w Tradycji apostolskiej jest prawdopodobnie skutkiem kompilacyjnego charakteru jej rytuału chrzcielnego, zaś dwa namaszczenia w rycie rzymskim można wytłumaczyć jako skutek zastrzeżenia bierzmowania dla biskupa oraz udzielenia prezbiterom zezwolenia na namaszczanie neofitów podczas chrztu udzielanego pod nieobecność biskupa. Namaszczenie neofity przez prezbitera stało się z czasem regułą przy każdym chrzcie. Pochodzenie Tradycji apostolskiej jest zatem niepewne, jej powiązanie z Kościołem w Rzymie nie jest udowodnione.
EN
The subject of the article is analysis of the rites of confirmation in several sacramentaries and pontificals of the Roman rite from the period between the 8th and the middle of the 10th centuries. During that time the short Roman rite of confirmation, consisting up till then of three basic ritual elements (epicletic prayer, application of chrism to the forehead, the sign of peace) is gradually enriched with new formulas and prayers. In this process the mentality of Frankish and Germanic people is expressed, that prefers longer and more dramatized ritual forms than the ones used in the Roman liturgy up till then. The process of development of the rite of confirmation is also connected with ever more frequent practice of autonomous administering of the rite of confirmation, outside the original context of baptismal liturgy. Especially the development of the final part of the rite, which ultimately assumes the form of a solemn pontifical blessing deserves a special attention, as well as the addition of the preamble opening the rite. The peak of the development is the Romano-Germanic Pontifical coming from the middle of the 10th century, that at the same time is the basis for all the later pontificals of the Roman rite.
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