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1

Nieusuwalna – Zygmunt Bauman jako analityk i ambasador ambiwalencji

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Jacobsen M. H.

Studia Litteraria et Historica

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2022

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issue 11

PL

W pracach Zygmunta Baumana problematyka ambiwalencji raz po raz wyraziście zaznacza swoją obecność w analizach nowoczesności, a następnie płynnej nowoczesności. Wprawdzie szczególnie poczesne miejsce zajmuje ona w jego książce Modernity and Ambivalence z roku 1991 (wyd. pol. Wieloznaczność nowoczesna. Nowoczesność wieloznaczna, 1995), lecz wątek ambiwalencji przewija się także w późniejszych książkach Baumana poświęconych życiu w społeczeństwie płynnej nowoczesności. Co więcej, socjologiczna perspektywa przyjęta przez Baumana jako taka przepojona jest ambiwalencją, a wiele zagadnień, którymi pasjonował się i które zgłębiał w całej swojej twórczości – na przykład, wolność, moralność, nieśmiertelność lub utopia – same w sobie ucieleśniają ambiwalencję. Bauman zawsze podkreślał, że kształt świata nie jest niezmienny czy ustanowiony raz na zawsze, a ludzie mogą podważać go i przeobrażać. Ambiwalencja zatem jest nie tyle bolączką, którą należałoby leczyć, ile raczej faktem, który trzeba zaakceptować. Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest tematyce ambiwalencji jako lejtmotywowi pism Baumana. Autor pokrótce kreśli i omawia ciągłą refleksję Baumana nad ambiwalencją, aby wskazać, że zagadnieniem tym socjologia być może powinna zająć się z większą uwagą niż dotychczas.

EN

In Zygmunt Bauman’s work, ambivalence was a topic that recurred explicitly several times in his analyses of modernity and later liquid modernity. This was particularly evident in his book Modernity and Ambivalence (1991). But ambivalence also appears as an underlying theme in later books on life in liquid-modern society. Moreover, Bauman’s sociological perspective itself oozes ambivalence, and many of the topics he explored and embraced throughout his career – such as freedom, morality, immortality and utopia – are themselves fundamental expressions of ambivalence. In addition, Bauman always insisted that the world is not fixed once and for all, but that humans can challenge and change it, and in this way ambivalence is not an ailment to be cured but rather a fact to be accepted. This article explores the theme and leitmotif of ambivalence in the writings of Bauman. The article seeks to provide a concise presentation and discussion of Bauman’s continuous engagement with ambivalence in order to show that sociology perhaps ought to take the topic of ambivalence more seriously than is currently the case.

2

From ‘Forbidden Death’ to ‘Spectacular Death’ – on the transformation of death in the West (and maybe elsewhere)

100%

Jacobsen M. H.

Studia Krytyczne/ Critical Studies

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2023

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issue 12

31-63

EN

This article aspires to capture the contemporary ‘death mentality’ in the Western world by proposing a transition from the time of ‘Forbidden Death’ to the age of ‘Spectacular Death’. Whereas ‘Forbidden Death’ – which according to the originator of the concept, French historian Philippe Ariès – was characterized by a modern tabooing, denial and sequestration of death, towards the end of the 20th century we began to witness the contours of a postmodern ‘revival of death’ tendency. In the wake of this, it is suggested that we now no longer live in a time of ‘Forbidden Death’, but rather live and die in an era of ‘Spectacular Death’ in which death has become a spectacle – something mostly to be observed from afar, but with an intense force of attraction. ‘Spectacular Death’ indicates that our collective experience of, attitude towards, relationship with and management of death is increasingly characterized by the following five main features: mediation/mediatization, commercialization, re-ritualization and palliative care humanization of death and dying and finally also an academic specialization in the study of death. The article ends with a brief critical discussion of the range, scope and analytical applicability of the notion of ‘Spectacular Death’ also outside a Western context.

3

Education as (de)humanization. A possibility for a creative dialogue between the social philosophies of Paulo Freire and Zygmunt Bauman

63%

Tuleikytė J., Jacobsen M. H.

Studia Krytyczne/ Critical Studies

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2022

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issue 11

EN

This article examines the works of two social critics – Paulo Freire and Zygmunt Bauman – with regard to the idea of education as a cause of dehumanization and/or humanization. The key terms and ideas the authors use in their critique of dehumanization within social relations are compared: Freire’s concept of banking model of pedagogy is analysed in contrast to Bauman’s philosopheme of adiaphorization. With both similar and very different understandings of what it means to be human, the two authors search for alternatives to the status quo and to power relations of human subjects being treated as objects – be it, in Freire’s case, the oppressed in the 20th century Brazil or, in Bauman’s case, the Holocaust victims in the 20th century and persons in the contemporary 21st century consumer society. The article aims at founding the thesis that both authors promote humanization, although in different ways, and that Bauman’s humanization through metaphors is in times of liquid modernity a contemporary form of Freire’s modern critical pedagogy. The article also aims to generally present Bauman’s conception of education as the author so far has been much less introduced in educational sciences than Freire is, and a comparison of their education philosophies reveals how modern and postmodern principles of the two theories and their practical implications complement one another and engage in a possibility for a creative dialogue.

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Nieusuwalna – Zygmunt Bauman jako analityk i ambasador ambiwalencji

From ‘Forbidden Death’ to ‘Spectacular Death’ – on the transformation of death in the West (and maybe elsewhere)

Education as (de)humanization. A possibility for a creative dialogue between the social philosophies of Paulo Freire and Zygmunt Bauman