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EN
The author discusses the growing popularity of picture-books and gives a critical overview of the problems of the definition of the genre. He concentrates on the two recent works of Iwona Chmielewska which address the issues of the Holocaust, representing different approaches to the genre, experimenting with the book as a material and visual object, requiring non-linear reception and problematizing the word-image relation. The article also reflects on ethical issues of the Holocaust literature, which can be identified in the choice between realistic representation, metaphorical codensation and silence.
PL
Artykuł, poświęcony rosnącej popularności picture-booków i kłopotom z ich definicją, koncentruje się na twórczości Iwony Chmielewskiej, autorki związanej z tematyką Zagłady. Szczegółowo omówione zostają jej dwie książki, Pamiętnik Blumki (2011) i Dopóki niebo nie płacze (2016), reprezentujące różne odmiany tego gatunku, będące eksperymentami w poszukiwaniu nowych form książki jako materialnego i wizualnego obiektu, narzucającego nielinearny porządek odbioru i problematyzującego relacje między słowem a obrazem. Podjęte zostają również kwestie etyczne w literaturze o Holokauście, wyrażające się często w wyborze między realistycznym obrazowaniem, metaforycznym skrótem a milczeniem.
EN
One of the most frequent problems in translation is the question of translation of hypocorisms: inasmuch as Polish is rich in diminutives, English practically does not have them. Diminutive and affectionate forms in a very limited range of contexts, and descriptive (analytical) diminutives are of little stylistic interest. The article discusses examples of coping with this problem in translations both from Polish into English, and from English into Polish. The authors tries to answer the question if it is possible to retain the emotionality expressed in diminutives of a translated text. Two texts were selected for the analysis: Jan Kochanowski’s Laments in Stanisław Barańczak and Seamus Heaney’s translation, and Ronal Fairbank’s The Flower Beneath the Foot, translated by Andrzej Sosnowski. Laments, addressed to a dead child, are of particular interest for the analysis, because diminutives and terms of endearment are frequently used and perform a peculiar function of creation of meaning. Discussing this translation, the author of the article tries to demonstrate that the emotionality expressed by Kochanowski through hypocorisms has been expressed by other means in the English translation: the right choice of epithets, and orchestration of the verse. In the Polish translation of Firbank’s novel, the hypocorisms introduced by the translator are read not as an arbitrary addition, but as elements that contribute to the camp climate of the novel, and reflect the irony, artificiality, and theatricality of the work, by means that are accessible in Polish language.
EN
The article discusses Czesław Milosz’ ambiguous relationship with American beat and confessional poetry, and with the counterculture of the sixties, focusing on one of his late poems dedicated to Allen Ginsberg published in Facing the River in 1994. The poem, though ostensibly about Ginsberg, is in fact one of the most confessional poems Milosz has ever written, presenting his own life as failure, “a discarded tire by the road”, and setting up Ginsberg as an exemplary wiser poet, “who persisting in folly attained wisdom”. Seemingly, it is hard to think of two more different personalities than Miłosz and Ginsberg. On the other hand, however, Ginsberg was to Miłosz the true heir to Whitman, whom Miłosz has always admired. It is argued here that in the poem discussed, Ginsberg served Miłosz as his antithesis, a Yeatsian mask, or a Jungian shadow, representing everything that Miłosz, with his admitted contempt for any trace of weakness and mental instability, has never been or valued.
EN
Tadeusz Różewicz’s Mother Departs is a late work of one of Poland’s most important writers — a polyphonic elegy dedicated to his mother, who died in 1957. The articles discusses the possible reasons of Różewicz’s relative absence in the English-speaking world and proceeds to analyze the importance of Mother Departs in his oeuvre. This award-winning book, which testifies to the impossibility of overcoming the grieving of loss, is composed of a variety of textual fragments, including documentary material, such as diaries, notebooks and letters, as well as literary works by the poet’s brother and the poet himself. Różewicz moves between the documentary and the lyrical, between the historical and the personal, between memory and grief, while merging the elegy for his mother with his own farewell, which stems from the sense of the poet’s own imminent departure. The English translator of the work had to deal with such problems as the rendering of culture specific items and emotionally charged passages of grief and tenderness, often expressed in diminutives which have no equivalents in English.
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