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DE
Das Prozess der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in den Ländern der „dritten Welt’’ verbindet man häufig mit der Industrialisierung. Es ergibt sich daraus, dass man ein hohes Lebensniveau mit einer hochentwickelten Industrie identifiziert Damit die Industrie auf eine richtige Weise der ganzen Wirtschaft dienen konnte, muss sie angemessen strukturiert werden. Unter diesem Hinsicht kann sich die Charakteristik der Industrie nicht auf eine synthetische Kennziffer begrenzen, die Verhältnisse zwischen den globalen Aufwand und Ergebnissen in der Industrie und dem Nationaleinkommen darstellt. Es ist also nötig, einer Zusammensetzung von Kennziffern, die die unterste Grenze der Industrie bestimmen, zu benutzen. Zu solchen Kennziffern gehören: die Kennziffer des industriellen Sachgebiets im Nationaleinkommen, die Kennziffer, die Relationen innerhalb der Industrie bezeichnen, also Verhältnisse zwischen den Förder - und Verarbeitung - Sektoren und zwischen der Industrie der Kapital - und Konsumgüter und zuletzt die Kennziffer des Anteils der Industrie in der Beschäftigungsstruktur. Zu einem charakteristischen Merkmal dieser Zusammenstellung wurde die Tatsache, dass alle diese Kennziffer miteinander verbunden sind und ein bestimmtes Niveau erreichen müssen, um feststellen zu können, dass ein bestimmtes Land industriell entwickelt ist Die hier erwähnten Kennziffer bestimmen gleichzeitig Stufen, deren Übertretung zu einer Hauptbedingung beim Weggang von einem wirtschaftlichen Rückstand wird. In diesem Kontext bespricht der Verfasser sowohl die einzelnen Kennziffer als auch Reaktionen innerhalb der Wirtschaft der Entwicklungsländer, und bewertet ihre Verwendbarkeit in der Bewertung des Entwicklungszustandes.
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EN
The main feature of underdevelopment is an inadequate supply of factors of production, which does not allow to develop economic activities on a scale large enough to satisfy demand of society. The basic factor, which, when scarce, creates especially unfavourable barriers for the developing countries, is capital. But even if a supply of capital in underdeveloped economy is very limited, proper allocation of this factor can soften the, effects of its shortage. Thus, when an underdeveloped country is going to reach a higher level of development its economic policy should aim not only at looking for the , external sources of capital inflows but, above all, at such an allocation of possessed capital due to which the greatest possible social benefits could be achieved .This attempt to find an optimal allocation of scarce capital supply is stressed in modern theories of economic development. In this respect we can divide these theories into two groups : theories of balanced development and those of unbalanced development. The most essential difference between the two groups of the theories lies in different ways of allocating the factors of production among particular parts and branches of national economy. In the case of the balanced growth models (models, because both in the groups of balanced and unbalanced growth theories the terms „balance” and „unbalance” are defined in different ways by various authors) uniform allocation of factors and relatively harmonized dynamics of growth of particular parts of national economy are justified by the functioning of market mechanisms, especially those shown in the Say’s law. In the models of unbalanced growth the main goal is to find „points of growth” , i.e., key branches, from which the process of growth will be transmitted to the other parts of national economy by means of intersectoral flows. Apparently, the groups of theories of development presented in this paper do not seem to propose alternative solutions. In practice, they can be complementary to one another. It seems that changes of economic structures, characteristic of underdevelopment and leading to lack of balance in an economic system, may be a result of introducing a new system of disequilibria to this economy. Thus, the application of an unbalanced growth model may be a way of balancing an economy but on a higher level of development. On the other hand, the application of a balanced growth model in initial stages of development could only strengthen existing unfavourable economic structures. The functioning of the two groups of growth models - balanced and unbalanced one does not impose the necessity of choice between them since the sequence of the models could be more advisable. However, an unbalanced growth model, particularly a model of extreme unbalance, should not function in an economy for too long a period because in such a case it could bring about a new set of disequilibria (maybe even worse than those in the starting point). In this paper the author gives a detailed analysis of both groups of the theories. He tries to show the positive features of the theories and their shortcomings which are revealed when those theories be applied to solve the problem of underdevelopment
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