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Struktura i funkcjonowanie samorządu gminnego w Republice Włoskiej w latach 1990-2010

100%
Kwiatkowska M.
Facta Simonidis
|
2010
|
issue 3
47-74
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja gminy, podstawowej i zarazem najbliższej obywatelowi jednostki podziału administracyjnego państwa włoskiego. Jednostki autonomicznej, zaopatrzonej we własny statut i o określonych kompetencjach, której funkcjonowanie jest gwarantowane na poziomie konstytucyjnym. Autorka spojrzy na gminy z punktu widzenia włoskiego prawodawstwa, jako na podmioty posiadające osobowość publiczno-prawną i składające się z określonych elementów (ludność, terytorium, mienie), aby potem przejść do omówienia struktury i funkcjonowania organów gminy, sposobu ich wyboru (w zależności od liczby mieszkańców – system większościowy dla gmin o liczbie ludności do 15 tys., proporcjonalny powyżej tej liczby) oraz zadań leżących w ich kompetencji.
EN
The article presents the municipality, and also the closest primary citizen of the political subdivisions of the Italian State. Autonomous units, equipped with its own statutes and certain competence, whose operation is guaranteed in the constitution. The author looks at community from the perspective of the Italian legislation, as entities with a public - legal and consisting of certain elements (population, territory, property), to then proceed to discuss the structure and functioning of the municipal authorities, namely the mayor, board and municipal council , the method of their choice (depending on the number of inhabitants, the majority of the system for municipalities with a population of 15 thousand., the proportion above this figure) and the tasks falling within their competence.
2
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Przemiany instytucjonalnej pomocy społecznej w Polsce w latach 2006-2013

100%
Kwiatkowska M.
Społeczeństwo i Ekonomia
|
2015
|
issue 1(3)
21-32
EN
Social assistance to approprietly carry out its role which is to enable citizens to overcome difficult situations in lives, should have an adequate organizational structure. For that purpose institutions of social assistance providing temporary as well as 24-hour care are formed. Diversified character of provided services and the scale of services provided as well as changes in the structure of target recipients of services force also changes in the system of care and advisory institutions. The aim of the article is to show the most important directions of changes which have taken place in the institutional system of social assistance in the recent years. In the theoretical part of the article the author makes a comparison of social assistance institutions, and in the analytical part she uses simple statistical methods studying the dynamics and the structure of a given phenomenon presenting the results in tabular and graphical form. Analysed data come from the annual reports of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy from the granted benefits of social assistance − monetary, in kind and services (MPiPS- 03) in the years 2006- 2013. On their base it is possible to state that social assistance in the institutional scope is assuming more and more extended character, and there are more and more communes led by non-public entities in its structure.
3
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Współczesne migracje z Polski – próba oceny statystycznej zjawiska w latach 2004-2013

63%
Kwiatkowska M., Jurkiewicz Z.
Społeczeństwo i Ekonomia
|
2015
|
issue 1(3)
7-20
EN
A discussion about the migration of Polish society after the accession of Poland to the European Union appears to be unjustified. The phenomenon of the migration of Polish society reaches the XIXth century, when about four million Polish emigrants settled down in the United States of America. Since the middle of the XIXth century the migration for employment has played the most important role in Poland. In the article its authors conducted the analysis of Polish migration since 2004. Statistical material comes from Polish Central Statistical Office, reports and research results. The main hypothesis of the article is that the effect of the accession of Poland to the European Union was the increase in the employment mobility of Polish workers due to the improvement of institutional conditions. The second hypothesis showed that on account of social-economic conditions inhabitants of eastern Poland, much more often decided on moving abroad than the residents of better developed areas of western Poland. However, the conducted data analysis of applying contemporary emigration did not prove the second hypothesis. It only let state that economic changes had a great impact on the scale volatility of the number of people who emigrated after 2004. The biggest decrease of the number of Polish emigrants took place in 2009 (nearly 40% year to year) which was connected with the economic crisis. The goal of this article is an analysis of Polish migration in the years 2004–2013. The authors conducted the analysis in the view of age and gender. The article describes the phenomenon of Polish migration before the accession to the European Union in 2004.
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