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Polsko-francuskie stosunki gospodarcze w okresie międzywojennym: nowe postulaty badawcze

100%
Ambrochowicz-Gajownik A.
Przegląd Środkowo-Wschodni
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2016
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vol. 1
182-211
EN
Polish-French economic relations in the interwar period: new research postulates Summary: Economic relations of the Second Polish Republic with the French Third Republic were derived directly from political relations between these two states. Because of its position in the international arena, France set the terms of trade exchange which the Polish side was supposed to comply with. It stemmed from the economic hardship Poland was experiencing at that specific time. One possible solution was acquiring considerable French funds. The flow of goods in both directions took place, primarily, by sea, and control over the import of French products was exercised by the Polish consulates in France. Despite the increasing circulation of goods, facilitated by the newly-signed treaties and economic agreements, the overall trade balance was negative. The great economic crisis in the thirties intensified in France the use of quota policy elements, which negatively affected the bilateral relations. In these circumstances, Poland began to seek other methods of selling its domestic products, especially, to distant continents – Africa, the Middle and Far East.
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Stanisław Kara – sekretarz generalny Unii Kulturalnej Polaków w Brazylii

63%
Ambrochowicz-Gajownik A., Gajownik T.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
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2018
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vol. 27
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issue 4
161-174
EN
In the spring of 1944, Stanislaw Kara, an officer of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, arrived in Brazil with the aim of assuming the position of the military attaché at the Polish Embassy in Rio de Janeiro. In 1945 after the demobilization he remained there and became actively involved in the daily activities of Poles in exile. He was instrumental in developing both social and propaganda activities, attempting, at the same time to restrict the actions initiated by the Communist regime and its representatives. Stanislaw Kara was one of the founders of the Cultural Union of Poles in Brazil, the organization which united various groups of Polish emigration. He served as the secretary general until his death in 1955.
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