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PL
Zespół budynków na ul. Mostowej 6 jest jednym z najciekawszych przykładów architektury mieszczańskiej na terenie Starego Miasta Torunia, wpisanego na Listę światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO. W dotychczasowej literaturze nie rozpoznany całościowo zabytek datowano na XVI w. Przeprowadzone w latach 2014-2015 badania architektoniczne znacznie zmieniły obraz jego przekształceń. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest prezentacja historii budowlanej do połowy XVI w., kiedy to budynki zostały ze sobą połączone, otrzymując dzisiejszą formę. W najstarszej fazie (XIII-XIV w.) były to najprawdopodobniej trzy niezależne domy szkieletowe zbudowane na kamiennych piwnicach, o wielkości dzisiejszego pierwszego traktu. W XIV w. doszło do ich rozbudowy w głąb działki wraz z wyprowadzeniem ceglanych ścian wzdłużnych. Budynki otrzymały typowy układ dwutraktowy. Elewacje w tym czasie zapewne były jeszcze szkieletowe; były wymieniane od XV do XVI w. W bardzo dobrym stanie zachowany jest szczyt schodkowy kamienicy południowej, pochodzący z ok. 1400 r., która – tak jak północna – pełniła funkcję domu-składu. Budynek środkowy od początku pełnił funkcję przejazdu ze spichlerzem.
EN
The complex of buildings at 6 Mostowa Street is one of the most interesting examples of burgher architecture in the Old Town of Toruń, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The literature has so far dated the incompletely recognised monument to the 16th century. Architectural research carried out in 2014-2015 brought a significantly changed picture of its transformations. This paper sets out to present the history of construction until the mid-16th century, when the buildings were joined together to acquire the form they have today. In the earliest phase (13th-14th century), these were most probably three independent timber-framed houses built on stonework basements, the size of today’s first bay. In the 14th century, they were extended into the plot, with the construction of longitudinal brick walls. The buildings were arranged in a typical double-bay layout. At that time, the façades were probably still timber-framed; they were consecutively replaced from the 15th to the 16th century. A very good state of conservation is observed for the stepped gable of approx. 1400 in the southern tenement house, whose function, like the northern one’s, was a house combined with a warehouse. The middle building from the beginning served as a passage with a granary.
PL
Zespół klasztorny w Karczówce jest jednym z najważniejszych zabytków nowożytnej architektury sakralnej na terenie województwa świętokrzyskiego. Dotychczasowe badania dotyczące historii całego kompleksu obejmowały głównie badania archiwalne oraz stylistyczne. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest prezentacja wyników badań architektonicznych struktury murowanej części wschodniej kościoła połączonej z wieżą i skrzydłami klasztornymi. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy, popartej badaniami dendrochronologicznymi, zaproponowano nową chronologię dla przekształceń budowlanych tej części zespołu. Strukturą najstarszą jest kościół, który powstał w dwóch fazach budowlanych (po 1622 i do 1628 r.). Największy zakres przekształceń związany był z przejęciem wzgórza przez zakon bernardynów, a co za tym idzie rozbudową kościoła i budową klasztoru (przełom lat 40. i 50. XVII w.). Kolejne zmiany miały miejsce w XVIII w. Na historyczny obraz całości największy wpływ miały prace konserwatorskie prowadzone na przełomie XIX i XX w.
EN
The monastery complex in Karczówka is one of the most important monuments of sacral architecture in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. So far, the research on the history of the entire complex has mainly included archival and stylistic studies. The aim of this text is to present the results of architectural research concerning the brick structure of the eastern part of the church connected with a tower and monastery wings. As a result of the analysis, supported by dendrochronological studies, a new chronology was proposed for construction alterations of this part of the complex. The oldest structure is the church, which was built in two construction phases (after 1622 and until 1628). The greatest extent of the alterations was related to the takeover of the hill by the Bernardine monastery, and thus with the expansion of the church and the construction of the monastery (late 1640s and early 1650s). Further changes took place in the 18th century. The historical picture of the whole was most strongly influenced by conservation works carried out at the turn of the 20th century.
EN
Windmills are one of the most complex human inventions of the pre-industrial era. Making use of wind energy to serve human needs was not only a miracle of architecture and technology: it produced silent witnesses of history – an important part of a rural landscape, local identity and folklore. Thanks to their multiple roles, windmills are useful research objects for scientists in various fields. In Poland the first written records of windmills date from the (many of them still fully operational) despite losses in the war. Today there are around 250 windmills under legal protection (around 70 of which were moved to open-air museums). This figure illustrates the vulnerability and progressive disappearance of Poland’s windmills. Despite the efforts made to protect this heritage, often the only remnants of such objects are the memories people living nearby. These memories join the present with the past, recall people and their work, and preserve the memory of an item. Windmills that have ceased to exist are still present in people’s collective remembering as a sum of their subjective experiences and impressions. In this paper, we decided to combine different approaches to the matter of heritage – both tangible and intangible. We argue for the importance of collecting recollections of ordinary people and interviews with eyewitnesses, as well as examples of institutional or private efforts made to protect windmills, to explain the equal value of both of these methods for preserving memories about the work and skills of millers – that is, the memory of a profession that was once a vital part of cultural identity.
EN
The paper presents the results of research on the history of protection of mills as objects of cultural heritage on Polish lands. First, the spatial distribution of over 20 thousand of mills at the beginning of the previous century is characterised, then the main actions undertaken for their protection in the 19th and 20th centuries are discussed. Merely 3.4% of mills that worked in the past are now protected as monuments and recorded in the national register. Most of them remain in their original locations (in situ), and another 71 windmills and 22 watermills have been relocated to open-air museums. These specific institutions face a particularly important task involving the necessity to retain the original functionality of mills.
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