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PL
Social attitudes toward communism in Poland encompassed the whole spectrum of attitudes, from affirmation, through adaptation, to resistance and dissent. The most developed and institutionalized form of dissent was the opposition movement. Komitet Obrony Robotników (Workers’ Defence Committee), later transformed into the Social Self-Defence Committee ‘KOR’ was a new of type opposition against the communist regime; it created a political alternative and new methods of system contestation, which were followed by other groups in the democratic opposition in the 1970s. The main features of the KOR opposition model are: openness, acting without violence, absence of hierarchic organization, decentralization, legalism, solidarity, specified social objectives, political self-limitation, ethical radicalism, pluralism and civic virtue.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2022
|
vol. 54
|
issue 2
27-47
EN
Between 1910 and 1933, the political system in Portugal changed three times. The monarchy, overthrown by the 5 October 1910 Revolution, gave way to a republic which in 1926 was ended by a military coup that introduced a dictatorship. The political system of the new regime was determined by the 1933 constitution, which established the New State – Estado Novo – designed by António Salazar. At the origin of the authoritarian New State lay the memory of the political chaos and social unrest of the First Republic. The radical Republican faction that ruled it most of the time did not build a stable democratic system and did not provide the country with internal security or economic development.
PL
W ciągu 23 lat XX w. w Portugalii trzy razy zmieniał się system polityczny. Monarchia obalona przez rewolucję 1910 r. ustąpiła miejsca republice, a ta z kolei uległa w 1926 r. wojskowemu zamachowi stanu, który wprowadził dyktaturę. Kształt ustrojowy nowego reżimu określiła konstytucja z 1933 r., ustanawiając Estado Novo według projektu Antónia Salazara. U genezy autorytarnego Nowego Państwa leżała pamięć o politycznym chaosie i niepokojach społecznych I Republiki. Rządzący nią przez większość czasu radykalny odłam republikanów nie zbudował stabilnego systemu demokratycznego, nie zapewnił krajowi bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego ani rozwoju ekonomicznego.
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