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EN
World agriculture faces a serious challenge: how to guarantee a relevant quantitative and health standard of food provision to a growing, and probably increasingly more affluent population, at the same time, reducing – or at least not increasing – the pressure on the environment and climate change. As a result, competition for land, freshwater, energy and mineral resources, necessary to produce potassium and phosphorus fertilisers, will be tougher. However, there are some strategies to meet these challenges. Coordinated and consistent actions are necessary, both on the side of demand (changes in diet and consumption patterns, and reduction in food losses) and supply in agri-food markets. In particular, it is necessary to close the existing yield gaps, improve the efficiency in the use of all resources, invest in research and agricultural implementations, and reduce losses across the entire food chains. Individual actions should be taken simultaneously and on a global scale, which, in itself, poses a serious problem. This instantly brings to mind the climate negotiations: almost everyone agrees that multilateral agreements would maximise the overall well-being, but the temptation to “get a free ride” prevails among many countries, as priorities continue to have short-term objectives and effects.
EN
Environmental regulations influence the prosperity and sustainability of organisations and households. According to the traditional belief, they constitute an additional, unwanted cost which lowers competiveness of economic operators and the entire sectors, although they might be socially desirable. The issue can be, however, approached from a different perspective, namely from the viewpoint of the induced innovation theory – authored by J.R. Hicks in 1932, later developed and presented in 1991 by M.M. Porter, later known as Porter hypothesis. It states that a company affected by more stringent environmental regulations is often forced to use simple reserves and to implement fundamental technological, organizational and product innovations, which can, all in all, offset the higher costs of adhering to the more severe environmental policy. Consequently, its competitiveness does not have to drop, sometimes it can even grow. Porter hypothesis already has strong theoretical grounds, but empirical verification of its accuracy is still an open issue. In general, today it is assumed that it is completely true (it checks out in the so-called strong version), only in some, rather restrictive conditions. This conclusion – as evidenced in the paper – is also applicable to the food sector, including agriculture.
PL
Regulacje środowiskowe wpływają na dobrobyt i zrównoważenie organizacji oraz gospodarstw domowych. Według tradycyjnego poglądu stanowią one dodatkowy, niepożądany koszt, który obniża konkurencyjność podmiotów gospodarczych i całych sektorów, chociaż mogą być one pożądane społecznie. Na problem powyższy spojrzeć można jednak inaczej, korzystając z koncepcji innowacji indukowanych J.R. Hicksa z 1932 roku, dalej rozwiniętej przez M.M. Portera i zaprezentowanej w 1991 roku, nazwanej później hipotezą Portera. Orzeka ona, że firma poddana ostrzejszym regulacjom środowiskowym bywa często zmuszana do wykorzystania prostych rezerw oraz do wdrożenia fundamentalnych innowacji technologicznych, organizacyjnych i produktowych, które w sumie mogą zrekompensować wzrost kosztów przestrzegania zaostrzonej polityki środowiskowej. W konsekwencji jej konkurencyjność nie musi wcale się obniżyć, a niekiedy może wręcz wzrosnąć. Hipoteza Portera została już solidnie podbudowana od strony teoretycznej, ale weryfikacja empiryczna jej prawdziwości wciąż nie jest rozstrzygnięta. Ogólnie dziś przyjmuje się, że sprawdza się ona w pełni (czyli w tzw. wersji mocnej) tylko w niektórych, dosyć rygorystycznych sytuacjach. Wniosek taki, co udowodniono w artykule, odnosi się także do sektora żywnościowego, a w tym również do rolnictwa.
EN
The article looks at the most pressing challenges facing the global community and world agriculture that should be addressed by the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and other models of agricultural development. In terms of methodology, the paper combines an overview approach with meta-analysis. The research establishes that the main problem of world agriculture in the coming decades will be to meet growing demand for agricultural and food products under increasingly stiff competition for land, water and other non-renewable and renewable resources - amid increasing pressure on the natural environment and a changing climate. The world could deal with this problem by undertaking coordinated efforts to reduce food wastage, close the productivity gap, promote changes in diet, and foster sustainable intensification and climate-smart farming. On the one hand, CAP can contribute to solving this problem, the author says, but on the other hand, it may hinder efforts in this area by extensively subsidizing EU agriculture.
PL
Podstawowym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie najważniejszych wyzwań stojących przed społecznością i rolnictwem światowym, które musi uwzględniać wspólna polityka rolna UE oraz inne modele rozwoju rolnictwa, konkurencyjne, ale i zarazem komplementarne wobec WPR. Pod względem metodologicznym artykuł jest studium przeglądowym, z pewnymi jednak elementami metaanalizy. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań ustalono, iż głównym problemem rolnictwa światowego w najbliższych dekadach będzie sprostanie rosnącemu popytowi rolno-żywnościowemu w warunkach nasilającej się rywalizacji o ziemię, wodę i inne zasoby odnawialne i nieodnawialne, rosnącej presji na środowisko przyrodnicze i dokonującej się zmiany klimatu. Świat może sobie z nim poradzić przez podjęcie równoczesnych i skoordynowanych działań skoncentrowanych na ograniczeniu strat żywności, zamknięciu luki produktywności, zmianach diety, zrównoważonej intensyfikacji i praktykowaniu rolnictwa inteligentnego klimatycznie. WPR z jednej strony może wnosić pozytywny wkład w jego rozwiązywanie, ale z drugiej strony może to utrudniać, głównie przez rozległe subsydiowanie unijnego rolnictwa.
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PL
Rozwój wsi zazwyczaj utożsamiany jest z rozwojem lokalnym, a więc złożonym, długotrwałym i wielorako uwarunkowanym ewolucyjnym procesem pozytywnych i pożądanych zmian ilościowych i jakościowych, których łącznym wyrazem jest poprawa efektywności i produktywności podmiotów i instytucji ekonomicznych oraz użyteczności uzyskiwanej przez gospodarstwa domowe. Proces ten objaśniany, modelowany oraz sterowany politycznie może być przez odwołanie się do paradygmatu tradycyjnego, nowego paradygmatu rozwoju obszarów wiejskich, a ostatnio także do koncepcji polityki spójności tychże obszarów (Kierunki przeobrażeń..., 2015). Wśród determinant ekonomicznych, społecznych, środowiskowych, politycznych, instytucjonalnych i kulturowych rozwoju wsi wprost trudno doszukać się nawet podstawowych koncepcji i kategorii fiskalnych. Tymczasem, przykładowo, podatki i inne daniny publiczne oraz dotacje i subwencje bardzo mocno oddziaływają na potencjał finansowy terenowych osób prawnych (np. gmin), funkcje produkcji i kosztów, możliwości rozwojowe firm i dobrobyt, a także jakość życia mieszkańców wsi. W tym kontekście podstawowym celem artykułu jest wypełnienie luki poznawczej i poszerzenie zestawu narzędzi politycznego sterowania rozwojem wiejskim. Uczyniono to przez odwołanie się do koncepcji federalizmu fiskalnego, przybliżając m.in. argumenty na rzecz decentralizacji i centralizacji fiskalnej, mechanizmy oraz skutki fiskalnych i międzyregionalnych efektów zewnętrznych wraz z instrumentami ich internalizacji, by na końcu zająć się problemem optymalizacji wielkości wspólnot lokalnych.
EN
Rural development is usually equated with local development, i.e. comprehensive, long-term and multifariously conditioned evolutionary process of positive and desired quantitative and qualitative changes that are cumulatively manifested in better efficiency and productivity of economic operators and institutions and usability obtained by households. This process can be politically explained, modelled and controlled by reference to the traditional paradigm, the new rural development paradigm and recently also to the concept of cohesion policy in rural areas (Kierunki przeobrażeń..., 2015). It is difficult to find basic fiscal concepts and categories among the economic, social, environmental, political, institutional and cultural determinants. Whereas, for instance, taxes and other public levies, subsidies and grant-inaid have a very strong effect on the financial potential of legal persons representing areas (e.g. gminas), production and cost functions, and development possibilities of companies and prosperity and life quality of rural residents. In this context, the basic aim of the paper is filling in the cognitive gap and extension of the political toolkit for controlling rural development. This was done by referring to the concept of fiscal federalism, approximating, e.g. the arguments for fiscal decentralisation and centralisation, mechanisms and effects of fiscal and interregional externalities along with instruments of their internalisation, to finally tackle the problem of optimisation of the size of local communities.
EN
Administrative and transaction-related costs have a long-established position in economic sciences, including agricultural economics. Unfortunately, so far economists have not created a uniform methodology for defining, classifying, and measuring them. The direction that should be perhaps considered most fecund when seeking advancements in this field, is the Standard Cost Model (SCM) and its derivatives (e.g. ACM). However, it needs to be supplemented with tools from the area of new public management, that is Public Value, CAF, or the ISO 9001 norms. As regards financial interventionism, administrative and transaction-related costs first made their appearance in the area of credit subsidies. It was much later that the research focussed on the evaluation of the overall “tool kit” of financial and budgetary politics in agriculture. It has been conducted, however, on the basis of different methodologies, which hampers the comparison of the produced results. Also, on many occasions the test samples were too small to be used in the more advanced quantitative analyses.
PL
Ziemia rolnicza jest specyficznym dobrem ekonomicznym, o fundamentalnym wręcz znaczeniu dla współczesnych społeczeństw i perspektyw ich rozwoju oraz dobrobytu. Stanowi ona podstawę prowadzenia tradycyjnej działalności rolniczej i tak będzie nadal w dającej się przewidzieć przyszłości, jednak w warunkach stale rosnącej liczby ludności, której większość ma nadal rozmaite niedobory ilościowe i jakościowe w zakresie wyżywienia. Zaspokajanie tych potrzeb odbywać się będzie przy postępującej zmianie klimatu, problemach z wodą i kurczącym się areale gruntów nadających się do rolniczego użytkowania. Okoliczności te zwracają naszą uwagę na drugi wymiar ziemi rolniczej jako źródła świadczenia rozmaitych usług ekosystemowych i agrośrodowiskowych. To spełnianie jednocześnie wielu funkcji stanowi poważne wyzwanie przy pomiarze wartości ziemi. Od precyzji w jej ustalaniu w dużym stopniu zależy także wysokość stawek czynszów za wynajem tego czynnika produkcji. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie ewolucji koncepcji formalnych i modeli empirycznych wykorzystywanych do określania wartości ziemi rolniczej i czynszów dzierżawnych za możliwość czerpania pożytków z jej użytkowania.
EN
Farmland is a specific economic good of almost fundamental importance for the current societies and their development and prosperity perspectives. It underlies the traditional agricultural activity and this process will continue in the foreseeable future, but in the conditions of incessantly growing number of people on Earth, most of which still experiencing various quantitative and qualitative food shortages. Their basic needs will be satisfied in the conditions of progressing climate change, water problems and shrinking land acreage suitable for agricultural use. The above circumstances highlight the second aspect of farmland, i.e. its role as the source of diverse ecosystem and agri-environmental services provision. The fact that land meets many functions at the same time poses a serious challenge for land valuation. Precision in this field largely predetermines the amount of rents for the factor of production. In this context the key aim of the paper is to present the evolution of formal concepts and empirical models used to determine farmland value and rents for the possibility to benefit from its use.
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The paper, primarily, aims at presentation of the selected global and intra- European determinants of planning, running, updating and reforming the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union. These determinants form a dynamic system of interactions of complementary (synergies), but also contradictory (substitutability) character, with the addition of intrinsic dilemmas of the CAP, which are typical for each sectoral economic policy. Such a broad outlook is justified by the deepening interdependencies in the modern world and the significance of the EU as the largest economic player on the global scale. The CAP is continually at interest of other countries as a source of inspiration but also a precautionary tale as it comes to the undesired effects of widespread state interventionism. The paper is a cross-sectional study – though having some features of meta-analysis – which synthesises the works of other researchers and own thoughts of the author. All these deliberations led to the conclusion that the CAP – for years appealing to the paradigms of sustainability and multifunctionality of agriculture – bears features of a rather modern utilitarian construct oriented at the future. However, its strong dependence on subsidies makes it a rather unattractive proposal for most of the developing countries, even hindering the process of solving serious development problems. Furthermore, agricultural subsidies deform competition in the international agri-food markets. They also weaken the motivation of the EU farmers to try to improve their competitive position by entrepreneurial behaviours, implementation of innovations, sound cost monitoring and adequate and flexible operating, financial and risk-management strategies.
EN
Agri-environmental programmes should be designed, implemented and evaluated on the basis of the use of the acquis of the new welfare economics, and in particular its part referred to as cost-benefit analysis. Then, there is a chance that the public goods and internalised externalities offered by the farmers will be optimised. Subsequently, it will be possible to properly define the in-crease in total costs and the effects occurring in the farms that choose to partici-pate in the available agri-environmental projects. This means that the rates of payments to farmers for agri-environmental services will be calculated on an objectified basis. In a larger scope, it will be possible then to rely on the diversity of rates of remuneration of farmers. This way, it will be possible to improve cost and allocation efficiency of the programmes themselves and to streamline public expenditure incurred on the agri-environmental policy and to reduce the welfare losses caused by taxation.
EN
Agricultural investments are the key determinant of economic growth and development of the sector, its flexibility and stability as well as better income and civilisational situation of farmers. Their funding is a serious challenge, though. This follows from slow capital circulation – which is typical for agriculture, low and highly variable rate of equity creation and surplus cash. To this add failure and incompleteness of financial markets and, above all, loan in the surrounding of agriculture that are strongly underlined by Keynesian and Post-Keynesian economics. In such conditions, in most of the countries worldwide, state budget is involved in the area of agricultural investments. This support is most often direct, it influences the financial potential of agriculture and due to political economy mechanisms it tends to persist. Therefore, the methods of budget efficiency of the investment aid should, at one go, consider its allocative, redistributive and stabilising aspects. The review of empirical research results, demonstrated in the paper, shows that efficiency of the aid is usually low and can even strengthen the development problems of the agricultural sector, contributing to take up subsequent public interventions. Consequently, agricultural politicians and makers of the programmes, which provide funds to support agricultural investment, need to devote more attention to creating a climate indirectly encouraging to make investments and make available repayable instruments.
PL
Inwestycje rolnicze są kluczową determinantą wzrostu i rozwoju ekonomicznego tego sektora, jego elastyczności i stabilności oraz poprawy położenia dochodowego i cywilizacyjnego producentów rolnych. Z drugiej natomiast strony, ich finansowanie stanowi poważne wyzwanie. Wynika to z typowego dla rolnictwa powolnego cyrkulowania kapitału, niskich i wysoce zmiennych stóp kreacji funduszy własnych i nadwyżki pieniężnej. Do tego dochodzą, mocno akcentowane przez ekonomię keynesistowską i postkeynesistowską, zawodności i niekompletności rynków finansowych, a szczególnie kredytu, w otoczeniu rolnictwa. W takich to warunkach w większości krajów świata budżet angażuje się w sferę inwestycji rolniczych. Wsparcie to najczęściej ma charakter bezpośredni, a więc oddziaływuje na potencjał finansowy rolnictwa, i na skutek mechanizmów ekonomii politycznej ma tendencję do utrwalania się. Dlatego też metody oceny efektywności budżetowej pomocy inwestycyjnej powinny równocześnie uwzględniać jej aspekty alokacyjne, redystrybucyjne i stabilizacyjne. Z dokonanego w artykule przeglądu wyników badań empirycznych wynika, że efektywność tej pomocy jest zazwyczaj niska i może nawet pogłębiać problemy rozwojowe sektora rolnego, prowadząc do podejmowania kolejnych interwencji publicznych. Pożądane byłoby zatem, aby politycy rolni i twórcy programów budżetowego wspierania inwestycji rolniczych więcej uwagi poświęcali tworzeniu klimatu pośrednio zachęcającego do ich podejmowania i udostępnianiu instrumentów zwrotnych.
EN
The capitalization of the subsidies is a process of depositing them in the rental rates, prices of farmland and values of farm’s assets. For example, the capitalization of direct payments is the part of rent increase due to the introduction of these payments. Generally, it is evaluated as a negative impact, which may be in conflict with the improvement of competitiveness of farms. The capitalization of support is a major source of inefficiency of direct transfers to agriculture, particularly those designed to improve the income situation of farmers. Empirical studies differ as to the level of capitalization, its mechanisms, dynamics and conditions. To sum up the foregoing and the results of previous studies, it is clear that the capitalization of subsidies in agriculture is a fact. Its source, nature, intensity and consequences are conditioned in many ways.
EN
Nowadays the agricultural credit constitutes a necessary source of bor-rowed capital. Its creation takes place in the banking system, which since 2008 is in a difficult position in the majority of the countries worldwide. Public au-thorities were forced to intervene, sometimes using nonstandard solutions, when on the one hand, the economies found themselves in the liquidity trap, and on the other they had to stop the threat of deflation. This helped to stabilise the economies, financial sectors and credit markets. However, the period of expan-sive monetary policy and most often the same fiscal policy must end someday. It is hard to predict how economies will react to such change in the direction of macroeconomic policy. The relations of agricultural credit, monetary policy and the national economy are complex and, at the same time, two-way. They are modified simul-taneously by the use of preferential credit for farmers in certain countries. In quantitative terms, the agricultural credit, in general, has a minor impact on the monetary policy, economic growth and socio-economic development. This aris-es mainly from the small share of agriculture in total supply and demand for credit. On the other hand, the preferential credits can contribute, to a small de-gree, to the imbalance of public finances. Finally, the multiplier-accelerator mechanism explains the slight, almost negligible impact of the agricultural credit on the economic fluctuations in the national economy.
EN
The research on the panel of 6,173 farms keeping accounts compliant with the Polish FADN methodology focused on the correlations between subsidies and economic and financial effectiveness in 2005-2010. The traditional ratio analysis showed that the significance of budgetary support in the shaping of the aforementioned effectiveness decreases along with an increase in the extent of conducted activity. The difference in the level od subsidies is, however, considerable between individual production types of farms. Moreover, it turned out that the farms receiving the highest support (farms with field crops, mixed crops and farms keeping ruminants) did not have a directly proportional advantage as regards effectiveness as compared to the farms the least dependent on budgetary support (horticulture and farms keeping granivores). Further on, the regressive calculations showed that the three examined levels of subsidies were most often negatively correlated with effectiveness. There are no, however, clear, in statistical terms, relations between effectiveness and decoupling of budgetary support from agricultural production.
EN
The positive feedback effect may cause that the improvement of the financial potential of farms should translate into the increase of the future competitiveness. Negative feedback effect will result in its decrease. It has to be remembered, however, that no automatisms apply in this case since the financial potential is only one of many determinants of competitiveness and building competitive advantages. The latter, however, form a complementary interdependent system rather than excluding characteristics. The article presents the analysis of four of many possible classifications of competitive advantages in agriculture: efficiency/productivity one; the one based on innovations and entrepreneurship; the one referring to corporate social responsibility (CSR), and the one referring to creating shared economic and social value (CSV). Moreover, the article covers an analysis of relations between competitiveness and cooperation, namely problems with e.g. coopetition and creation of syncretic rent in networks of various organisations, often those functioning in vertically integrated systems. The latter more and more often appear in the food sector.
EN
The type of farming of a family agricultural holding very clearly differen-tiates its economic and financial efficiency and the possibility of the use of budget support. The performed calculations of multiple regression showed that the subsidy rate in the form of the ratio of the sum of financial support received and the income from the family agricultural holding influenced the effectiveness mostly negatively, significantly statistically. The impact of other variables from the category of subsidising holdings on economic and financial indices was not so clear when it came to the direction of the interdependence, although it met the generally accepted criteria for statistical significance in most of the cases. The same phenomenon was observed with the technical and economic production characteristics as a determinant of efficiency. In this context, it still remains a major challenge to identify the factors that influence the operating efficiency of family agricultural holdings.
EN
On the basis of the existing knowledge and statistics from Eurostat and FADN the article confirms the thesis that the diversity of farming conditions in the EU is an objective fact, and thus unequal rates of direct payments are the consequence thereof. This allows to consider such a system as a fair one, which does not undermine equal competition in the Community’s agriculture. Moreover, the paper presents different proposals of awarding direct payments based on objective criteria stressing, at the same time, that it is a very difficult task since at some point the criteria have to be weighted considering social and political terms. It was also considered to determine the rates of direct payments per a person fully employed in agriculture instead of per 1 ha. However, such a change would not improve the income situation of countries, where employment in agriculture is high in absolute and relative terms. This group includes e.g. Poland.
EN
From the beginning of the financial crisis – 2008/2009 – the EU entered an unprecedented period of very serious shocks. These problems first affected the economy (weak and highly variable growth with times of rather shallow recession, high unemployment, especially among young people) and then they spread to the bank sector and the national budgets. Consequently, several of the old EU countries, belonging to the euro area, became – in fact – insolvent. To make the matters worse, southern Europe was hit by a huge wave of immigration, Russians took over the Crimea, a war erupted in Donbass and Donald Trump, who can considerably weaken the NATO, won the US presidential elections. The subsequent attempts at solving these mini-crises were often delayed, not very daring and erratic. Thus, it comes as no surprise that the crisis, ultimately, started to affect also the socio-political and institutional areas, which is manifested in growing distrust of the Europeans in the Community institutions and liberal democracy. This, in turn, resulted in widespread populism, national and regional egoism and disintegration tendencies. Brexit is one of the first effects of the process along with concerns that other members of the EU may take similar decisions which would be tantamount with its breakup. In these circumstances convincing validation of the further existence and development of the Community requires great intellectual, political and organisational effort, and then finding effective channels to reach as broad as possible circle of responsible citizens with the proposals, recommendations and ready application solutions to help them regain trust in the meaning of the European project and possibilities of functioning in the double national and European identity. It would be perfect to make the mended EU more democratic, i.e. to actively engage in the processes the very Europeans and not only techno- and Eurocrats. One of the more interesting concepts, at the moment, seems to be the European value added, which – in a nutshell – means a sum of extra benefits obtained on account of integration against the effects resulting from the national socio-economic policy. It is possible to describe this value and, to some extent, even to quantify it for all areas of the European integration. However, the paper is restricted only to the CAP, focusing on methodological, environmental and climate, innovation and investment issues, and a set of key budget problems.
PL
Począwszy od wybuchu kryzysu finansowego na przełomie lat 2008/2009, UE weszła w niespotykany w dotychczasowej historii okres bardzo poważnych wstrząsów. Problemy te najpierw objęły gospodarkę (słaby i bardzo zmienny wzrost, z okresami nawet płytkich recesji, wysokie bezrobocie, szczególnie wśród ludzi młodych), później sektor bankowy i budżety narodowe. W konsekwencji kilka starych krajów UE, należących do strefy euro, stało się w istocie technicznie niewypłacalnymi. Na domiar złego, w pewnym momencie do południowej Europy zaczęła napływać wielka fala imigrantów, Rosjanie zajęli Krym, wybuchła wojna w Donbasie, a wybory w USA wygrał D. Trump, mogący zdecydowanie osłabić NATO. W tym kontekście podejmowane różne próby rozwiązania tych minikryzysów często były spóźnione, mało odważne i niekonsekwentne. Nie może zatem zaskakiwać, że ostatecznie kryzys zaczął dotykać sfery społeczno-politycznej i instytucjonalnej, czego wyrazem jest pogłębiająca się niewiara Europejczyków w instytucje wspólnotowe i demokrację liberalną. Stąd mamy rozpowszechniający się populizm, egoizm narodowy i regionalny oraz tendencje dezintegracyjne. Zaowocowało to już Brexitem oraz obawami, że podobne decyzje mogą podjąć też inni członkowie Unii. Byłoby to równoznaczne z jej rozpadem. W tych warunkach przekonujące legitymizowanie dalszego trwania i rozwoju Wspólnoty wymaga obecnie wielkiego wysiłku intelektualnego, politycznego i organizatorskiego, a później znalezienia drożnych kanałów dotarcia z propozycjami, rekomendacjami i gotowymi rozwiązaniami aplikacyjnymi do jak najszerszego kręgu odpowiedzialnych jej obywateli, by odzyskiwali wiarę w sens projektu europejskiego i możliwość funkcjonowania w podwójnej tożsamości, narodowej i europejskiej. Idealnie byłoby, gdyby naprawa Unii uległa przy tym głębszej demokratyzacji, a więc realizowana była przy aktywnym współudziale Europejczyków, a nie wciąż przez techno-i eurokratów. Jedną z ciekawszych w tym momencie koncepcji wydaje się być europejska wartość dodana, a więc – w dużym skrócie – pewna suma korzyści extra, uzyskiwanych z racji integracji w porównaniu do efektów osiąganych w ramach narodowej polityki społeczno-ekonomicznej. Wartość tę można próbować opisywać, a w miarę możliwości także kwantyfikować, dla wszystkich obszarów integracji europejskiej. W artykule jednak ograniczono się tylko do WPR, koncentrując się na kwestiach metodologicznych, środowiskowo-klimatycznych, innowacjach, inwestycjach oraz kompleksie kluczowych problemów budżetowych.
EN
Polish agri-food trade already in 2003 generated a positive balance. After accession to the EU it has rocketed and in 2013 twelve-fold surpassed its level recorded in 2003. Naturally, this success arouses great interest. It also has a number of macroeconomic implications. The article focuses on the problem of poorly recognized, i.e. on interdependencies between this trade and the state budget and public debt. On the purely theoretical basis, it was found that growing exports and net exports may reduce both the budget deficit and the public debt, as well as indicators based on them. In Polish conditions, this positive effect cannot, however, be large, because the balance of agri-food trade (net exports) recently is only 1-1.5% of GDP. Even lower (approx. 0.5%) was the share of taxes paid by exporters of the food industry in GDP. While the econometric analysis showed that the impact of exports of agri-food products and total exports of goods in GDP is positive and leads to a decline in public debt. It turned out that one-percent increase in agri-food exports lowers the above debt by 0.06%, while the same increase in total exports of goods - reduces debt by 0.14%.
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